Metal based Nanomaterial’s (Silver and Gold): Synthesis and Biomedical application

Ketan B. Patil¹*, Narendra B. Patil², Sushmita V. Patil¹, Vaishnavi K. Patil¹, Pratik C. Shirsath¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahinsa Institute of Pharmacy, Dondaicha.

²Department of Pharmacology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdulkalam University, Indore

*Corresponding Author E-mail: ketan.90@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Nano science is multidisciplinary field that involve the design and Engineering of functional system at the molecular scale.it is field applied science focused on the synthesis and application of material and device on Nano scale. Nano science is the matter at Nano scale materials having structured components with at least 1-100 nm dimensions. Nanoparticles are the great interest to their extremely small size and high surface to volume ratio. The nanoparticles are synthesized by physical, chemical and Green or Biological methods. Nanoparticle’s to world wide application in area of Engineering, electronics, environments, medicinal drug delivery, Biotechnology, Biosensors, cosmetics and material science. In this review paper mentioned that in metal nanoparticles especially Gold and silver nanoparticles their synthesis and their therapeutic application of number of diseases suchas Cancer, Diabetes, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, HIV/AIDs, Athritis, Hepatitis, Cirrohsis, Spinal Cord, Injury, Tuberculosis and CVS disorders and also their biomedical application. We also mentioned the Green synthesis is and their toxicological limitations of metal nanoparticles.

KEYWORDS: Silver Nanoparticles, Gold nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Biosynthesis.

INTRODUCTION:

Nano science is multidisciplinary field that involve the design and engineering of functional system at the molecular scale. It is field of applied science focused on the synthesis characterization and application of material and device on the Nano scale⁹.

Nano science can be also defined as the act and science of manipulating matter at Nano scale material are generally categorized as materials having structured components with at least one dimension less than 100nm.

Nanoparticles are of great interest using to their extremely small size and high surface to volume ratio, which change their physical and chemical properties compared to bulk of same chemical framework (composition)⁶⁴.

Generally nanoparticles are synthesized by 3 different methods:

1. Physical -for synthesized of metallic nanoparticle include evaporation, condensation, laser ablation electrolysis, diffusion, plasma arcing sputter decomposition, pyrolysis, and high energy ball milling.³⁸

2. Chemical - for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles includes chemicals reduction, micro-emulsion and colloidal electrochemical and thermal decomposition.

3. Biological (Green) - for synthesis of nanoparticles it involves reduction of metal ions using biological mass/extract as a source of reluctant either extra-cellular or intra-cellular.

A number of various plant well known to elaborate nanostructure composites such as Avena sativa⁴², Pelargonium graveolers⁶⁰, Cinnamomumcomphora¹³, Medicate sativa⁴, Ps. Schabes^5,6, Azardichta indica³⁴, Tamarindusindica⁷ Emblica offcinalis⁷⁵, Aloe vera¹¹, Cosiandrumsativam⁷⁷, Carica papaya⁷⁸, Parthenium nysterophorus⁷⁹, Tritium valgare⁸⁰, Acanthella elongate⁸¹, Sesuviumpostulacastrum⁸², Gold nanoparticles also synthesized by biomolecules like hone ⁸³.

In corporation of green chemistry technique and methodologies into nanotechnology is of great interest which has gained much attention over the past decades. ²⁶. Green chemistry which is the use of chemistry principles to reduce or estimate using of toxic reagents, has reduced to significant reduction in amount of harmful residues to human health and environment²⁵. In last 8 years, several green cherishing books have been published green processes in general¹².

Recently years, researchers are concentrating in the design and development of most efficient (systematic) and eco-friendly green- chemistry methods for synthesis of metal nanoparticles^{56,57,58,64,63}. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has been an emerging research area now days.

The advancement of green synthesis over chemical and physical method as: environment friendly cost effective and easily scaled up for large scale synthesis of nanoparticle, furthermore there is no need to use high temperature, pressure and energy and toxic chemicals.⁶³, The synthesis and assembly of metallic nanoparticle would benefit from the development of clean, non-toxic and environmentally acceptable "Green chemistry" procedure, probably include organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi and even plants^73,74.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted considerable concentration in recent years. The unique properties have leads Nanoparticle to world wide application in area of engineering electronics, environment, medicinal drug delivery, biotechnology, cosmetics, material science and biosensors¹⁰³. Process of making nanoparticles using plant extracts are readily expandable and may be reasonable (less expensive)². Compare with relatively expensive (highly cost) method based on microbial process.^39,40,41 and whole plants ^42,43,44,45. Comparison between the use of plant extract and plant tissue, the use of plant extract for making nanoparticles in simpler. Plant extract mediated synthesis is an increasing focus of concentration^27-37.

In last 8-9 years, metal Nanoparticles especially gold and silver Nanoparticles are highly used as medicinal agent for the therapeutic application of number of or various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer HIV/AIDS, arthritis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, spinal cord injury tuberculosis and cardio vascular diseases due to unusualoptoelectronic physicochemical properties^46-55,62. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) are most broadly studied and widely used due to their distinctly physical, chemical and biological properties using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a platform technology in several biomedical applications such as biosensors, fluorescentimmune assays, cancer treatment, and target drug delivery of pharmaceutical and antibacterial.^18-22,91. Agents has attracted considerable interest in recent years. Silver is one of the most commercialized nanomaterials with 500 tons of AgNPs production per year.^23,24,91

Green synthesis of Nanoparticles:

There are different physical and chemical methods for synthesizing nanoparticles. One can categorize all these methods into 2 main approaches that can apply to any research in the field of Nano scale science.

1. The top - bottom and

2. The bottom - top approach

1. Top- Bottom:

In top bottom approaches the desired bulk of materials break down into the particles in Nano sized range^23,91. To reduce the size of the particles the methods (physical) used such as ball milling and sputtering^89-91. These methods can cause the surface imperfections (deformity) in the products which causes serious restriction since the surface structure of material play an important role in surface chemistry and physical properties of materials ^91,124.

2. Bottom -Top:

In bottom top approaches, the synthesis process start with the self-assembly of atom/molecules in nuclei and afterwards the formation of particles in the Nano scale range i. e. 1-100 nanometers^23,91. The bottom top synthesis mostly relies on chemical and biological method of synthesis.

In both top bottom and bottom top approach, nanoparticles preparation is depends on utilizing chemical and physical methods which are less expensive and more likely risk to the environment which includes us of toxic and harmful chemicals that are responsible for different biological risks ^23,91,124.

Fig. 1 Generalized flow chart of various physicochemical approach of nanoparticle synthesis with highlighting of biological synthesis ⁹¹.

Fig. 2 Summarizing the possible mechanism of biologically mediated synthesis of nanoparticles⁹¹.

Synthesis of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from plant extract:

Nanoparticle synthesis using plants is significant branch of green synthesis processes. It has been known that plants have ability to reduce metal ions both on their surface and in various organs and tissue remotes from the ion diffusion or stabbing site⁹². The extract of different parts of plants such as leaves, flowers, seeds, barks, and roots have been applied for production of AgNPs.^29,93,94.

The plant extract may work as reducing as well as capping agent in AgNPs production. These extracts have been also reported the antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-HIV, snake venomneutralization, anti-fungal and larvicidal activities ^25,95.

Several plants and their respective portions had been utilized for preparation of AgNPs. Plant biosynthesis basically includes reaction of silver nitrate salt with plant extract the result of this reaction is appear to be a brownish yellow color after shot span of contact confirms the production of AgNPs^9,71

Recent reports on AgNPs synthesis by using plant extract 71, research on geranium leaf assisted extracellular synthesis of AgNPs. Reaction between leaf extract and AgNO₃solution, the authors observed instant reaction of Ag ions to formation of most stable crystalline AgNPs (16-40nm) in solution. The authors also proved that rate of reduction of Ag ions by geranium leaf extract were faster than that noticed for a fungal species, Fusariumoxosporum. A few years later, 96 studied on sundried cinnamomumcamphora leaf for extraction of AgNPs (55-80nm). This study showed that triangular or spherical shaped of AgNPs.

The authors identified polygon components and the water soluble heterocyclic components in the leaf extract were responsible for reduction of Ag ions⁹⁷. compared different plant leaf extracts for synthesis of AgNPs and assumed that HelianphusAnnus showed highest potential and speedy reduction of Ag ions.

In year 2010, Ahmed et al composed both of popular medicinal plants, basil (ocimum sanctum) for synthesis of AgNPs. The authors noticed most stable AgNPs in range of 10-2, 5-1.5nm⁹⁹. conducted synthesis of Ag nanoparticle from leaf extract of podophyllum, hexean drum. The authors noticed complete reduction of Ag ion within 2-5 hrs. (observed) at 60^oCand pH 4.5 and result of this process is spherical shaped particle size range 12-40nm.¹⁰⁰. reported the synthesis of silver nanoparticle using extract of menthe piperita plant. This nanoparticle had antibacterial activity against clinically isolated human pathogen such as E. coli and S. aureus¹⁰¹. Reported this synthesis of nanoparticles using an extract of Azadiractaindica leaves and solution of AgNO₃. Increase rate of reaction time from 30 minute- 4hours resulted in a progressive increase in the particle size from 10nm-35nm.¹⁰² Synthesis 50nm sized Ag nanoparticles by juice of citrus lemon. The nanoparticle was synthesized by incubating the juice for 4hours with 10^-2M silver nitrate AgNO₃ Solution. The ratio of juice to salt solution was 4:1 by volume. According to authors citric acid present in the citrus lemon juice was the principle reducing agent.

Mostafa MHK, in 2012, reported that certain volume of olive leaf extract (0.2-9) ml comes in contract with AgNO₃ solution and volume was upgrade to 10ml with de-ionized water. The concentration of Ag⁺ was 1×10^-3M. And Ag⁺ reduces to Ag⁺ followed by changing in colour from yellow- brownish, yellow-deep brown. Depending on concentration, temperature and pH. Average particle size was 8-15nm.

Synthesis of AuNPs using plant extract:

Green nanotechnology:

Synthesizing nanoparticles or the nanomaterial’s using biological routes such as those involving micro-organism plants and viruses or their buy products such as proteins lipids with the help of various biotechnological tools is means to green nanotechnology^104-106. This is variety of methods including chemical, physical, biological and hybrid techniques for the synthesis of nanoparticle.

Physical methods include plasma arcing, ball milling, thermal evaporation etc. Also the chemical methods are used to synthesized nanoparticles by electro deposition 50% gel process, chemical vapor deposition soft chemical methods But we are interested to study in biological techniques for synthesis of nanoparticles or green technology have diverse nature with greater stability and appropriate dimensions since they are synthesized using a one-stepprocedure.

Overall, the use of environment friendly, nontoxic and safe reagent for the formation of nanoparticles is known as “Green synthesis”,^106,107. For the collection of nanoparticles with minimum defects and homogeneous chemical composition use of green route is necessary. Hence, the microorganisms like viruses, fungi, bacteria etc. and plant extract are widely used^108-114. The biochemical pathways, phytochemical contents and enzyme activities and conditions for cell growth as well as optimal reaction are to be considered for selection of the best organisms or its extracts which are best or specific characteristics of the organisms^91,115.

Green synthesis ofnanoparticles using the microorganism involve three categories:

1. Infliction of microorganisms like fungi, yeast(eukaryotes), bacteria and antinomycetes (prokaryotes)

2. Use of plant and its extract

3. Use of templates like membranes, viruses, DNA and diatoms⁹¹.

Biological system used for synthesis of nanoparticles also follows three steps.

1. Choice of solvent medium used.

2. Choice of ecofriendly benign reducing agent.

3. Choice of capping agent is to stabilize nanoparticles. ¹¹⁶

Two milliliters of the extract was added to 50ml of HgAuCl₄.3H₂O (10^-4M) aqueous solution and incubated at 29^o for 24 hours. The reduction process of gold ions to AuNPs kicked off after 5min, then after 15 min, a pale yellow color was observed in the mixed solution which turned ruby red indicating the complete formation of AuNPs. Hence, the reduction of the metal ions was continuously monitored by visual inspection as well as with UV visible spectrometer analysis in the wavelength range 300-800nm.

Biosynthesis of AuNPs from aqueous rhizome extract:

The gold nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing of 1ml of aqueous rhizome extract of M. cochinesis with 20 ml of 0.01mM chloroauric acid (HauCl4. 3H2O) at room temperature and the reduction of gold ions to gold nanoparticles was indicated by an initial visual color change from pale yellow to violet and then to ruby red color. The formation of gold nanoparticles was constantly monitored by visual inspection as well as by measuring with UV - visible absorption band in the range of 535nm confirming the formation of AuNPs. The AuNPs formed were found to be stable for one month.¹¹⁸

Characterization of AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in immunochemical studies for recognition of protein relations. They are used as lab tractor in DNA fingerprinting to detect presence of DNA in sample. They are also used for exposure of aminoglycoside antibiotics like streptomycin and neomycin. Gold Nano rods are being used to detect cancer stem cell, beneficial for cancer analysis and for detection of unlike classes of microorganisms^119,120.

The amalgamation spectral capacity were made using Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 200-800nm with a spectral difference of1.0nm. The sample was prepared by adding an AuNPs solution onto the car covered copper grid and dried in air as expected. The morphology and sonata of the product were dandified using high- decision diffusion electron microscopy (HR-TEM) Image of AuNPs were obtained from a JEOL JEM3010 working at 200kV (Icon Analytical Equipments) Mumbai, India.

The crystalline nature of the synthesized AuNPs were of characterized through X-ray diffraction studies using JEOL 8030 X-ray diffract meter employing CuKa radiation. The FTIR spectra have been recorded using Perkin-Elmer Paragon-500 FTIR spectrophotometer in the wavenumber series 400-4000cm^-1 with a pledge of 4cm^-1following KBr Pellet technique to recognized the functional group of the photo constituents.¹¹⁸

UV-visible spectra were employed to inspect the size and shape of NPs in aqueous suspension^91,121. Wavelength from 300 to 800 nm are usually used for description of NPs ranging in size from about 2-100 nm ^91,122. UV visible spectra of the ZnOparticles synthesis using Aloe-vera extract exhibited sturdy UV inclusion from 358 to375 nm due to its shell Plasmon significance ^91,121-126.

The morphology and size of NPs are habitually characterized by SEM and TEM^91,127. Electron microscopy scrutiny displayed ZnO NPs (25-35 nm), which is in harmony with the XRD scrutiny SEM and TEM investigation of green synthesized carbon nanotubes were sheltered entirely with polyaniline layers ^91,129. In TEM breakdown TiO₂ particles were agglomerated frequently sphere-shaped in shape in the series of 10-30 nm. Furthermore, the preferred district electron diffraction [SAED] examination indicated a crystalline shape^91,130.

XRD gives in order about translational equilibrium, size and segment naming of clanging NPs^91,130. X-rays infiltrate into nanomaterials and the obtained diffraction blueprint is compared with standard to get structural information. XRD peaks placed at anangle (2^o) of 28.51, 33.06 and 47.42 consequent to 111, 200 and 220 planes and the average diffraction peaks show the face-centre cubic phase of CeO₂ NPs^91,132. XRD study definite the presence of crystalline pattern of Pb NPs and the average particle size 47 nm using Scherer equation.^91,133

FTIR spectroscopy is used to establish the scenery of functional groups or metabolites nearby on the inside of NPs which capacity be answerable for reduction and stabilization of NPs^91,134. Functional group bands pragmatic at 3450, 3266 and 2932 cm^-1 have been assigned to stretching atmosphere of the amines, O-H stretching of alcohols and C-H stretching of alkanes correspondingly for NPs by means of Aloe vera leaf extracts and the peaks in the county between 600 and 400 cm^-1 are selected to ZnO^91,123 The FTIR gamut of Ag NPs synthesized by means of Solanumtorvum leaf haul out exhibited peaks at 1648, 1535, 1450 and 1019 cm^-1 and the peak at 1450 cm^-1 of carboxylate ions were said to be answerable for stabilizing the Ag NPs.^91,135

The DLS and EDAX are exercised to analyses the size allocation detached in liquid and the fundamental constituents of NPs correspondingly.^91,137

Advantages:

The recompense of using nanoparticles for the medicine release product on or after their two main vital properties. First nanoparticles, since of their diminutive bulk, nanoparticles can break through less significant capillaries and are taken up by cells, which allow resourceful drug gathering at the intention sites. Second, the use of environmental equipment for nanoparticle groundwork allows continuous drug let loose within the intention site over the phase of days or even weeks.^138-147 But not only for drugs are nanoparticles very important. Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of electronic products, measures, and applications. The areas that benefit by the continued development of nanotechnology when it comes to electronic products include Nano diodes, Nano transistors, OLED, plasma displays, quantum computers, and many more. Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector. Such items like batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells can be built smaller but can be made to be more effective with this technology. One more industry that can profit from nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector that will want materials like aerogels, nanotubes, Nano particles, and other similar items to construct their harvest with. These equipment are often more sturdy, stronger and lighter than those that are not fashioned with the help of nanotechnology.^138-147 there are some more recompense of nanoparticles over their making and their treatment liberation method. Nanoparticles are quite simple to organize that's why they are worn in drug after targeting the area. Due to their small size Nanoparticles infiltrate small tube and are in use up by the cell which allows for proficient medicine accretion at the target sites in the body. Using Nanoparticles in drug liberty give good manage over size and give good security of the encapsulated medicine. Retention of the drug at the vigorous site has longer permission instance.

Nanoparticles augmented the beneficial effectiveness as well as bioavailability. They abridged fed/fasted unevenness that bigger drug stability. Constant measure forms of drug which are either unstable or have incorrectly low bioavailability in non-Nano particulate dosage form. While carrying drug with nanoparticles have no bio toxicity of the shipper. Nanoparticles are doing not show any trouble in large scale construction and sterilization but they only evade crude in the black.^138-147.

Disadvantages:

When tackling the recompense and disadvantages of nanotechnology, we will also require to point out what can be seen as the harmful side of this knowledge: Included in the register of disadvantages of this discipline and its improvement is the doable slaughter of jobs in the customary agricultural and mechanized industry. Infinitesimal arsenal can now be more available and through to be more dominant and more disparaging. These can also develop into more reachable with nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has enlarged risk to the strength also, nanoparticles due to near their small size can cause breathing dilemma and many other fatal diseases by just inhaling for 60 seconds in the air contain nanoparticles can smash up lungs effortlessly. Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can cost you a lot of money. It is also pretty complex to assemble, which is possibly why yield made with nanotechnology are more costly.^138-147 Nanotechnology has raised the ordinary of living but at the same time, it has increased the contamination, which includes water pollution, air pollution. The contamination caused by nanotechnology is known as Nano pollution. This kind of toxic waste is very dangerous for alive organisms. The disadvantages of nanoparticles are very scantily explored. So there are only a few others of them based on drugs freedom. Producing Nanoparticles for drug delivering widespread use of polyvinyl alcohol as a detergent that produce an issue on toxicity. Nanoparticles have an only laughable targeting ability that's why discontinuation of remedy is not potential. Medicine liberation with Nanoparticles shows cytotoxicity, alveolar inflammation. The annoyance of autonomic inequality by nanoparticles having straight achieve on spirit and vascular purpose. Nanoparticles show element increase, changeable gelation propensity, surprising active of polymeric transmit ions and a little bit rupture liberate.^138-149

Applications of Ag-NPs:

Ag-NPs have frequent antimicrobial and antifungal applications. Ag-NPs have been largely used as antibacterial coat in therapeutic applications, such as cardiovascular implants, injury dressings, catheters, orthopedic implants, dental composites, nano-biosensing, and gardening manufacturing.^150,166. The comprehensive portrayal of the quantity of applications is described further.

1. Cardiovascular implants:

First cardiovascular machine encrusted with Ag ingredient was prosthetic silicone heart regulator to moderate the happening of endocarditic^151-166. This operation of Ag was wished-for to steer clear of bacterial corruption on the silicone valve and condense the irritation response of heart. It is originate that Ag causes affected by reaction, inhibits normal fibroblast purpose and leads to paravalvular hemorrhage in unwearied at some stage in Ag heart valve hard in experimental trials. Accordingly, efforts malformed into incorporating Ag-NPs into checkup apparatus as a prospective for bountiful safe, non-toxic, and antiseptic covering. Another improvement of Nano composites with Ag-NPs and equilateral-like carbon as a exterior finish for heart valves and stents showed antithrombogenic and antibacterial properties¹⁶⁶. The amalgamation of nanostructure materials into spinal column of polymers in polymeric heart valves enhances biocompatibility, resistance to calcification, and toughness^152,166.

2. Catheters:

Catheters used in the sanatorium scenery have a high proclivity for infectivity, which can lead to objectionable complications. However, Ag-NPs have been used for falling biofilm advance on catheters. Polyurethane catheters have been personalized with a coat of Ag-NPs to make powerful sterile catheters. Ag-NPs encrusted catheters can efficiently diminish bacteria up to 72 h in monster models, and these are non-toxic^153-155. Scientific pilot study treatment the prevention of Catheter-associated Ventriculitis (CAV) found no occurrence of CAV, and all cerebrospinal liquid cultures were pessimistic in 19 patients who have acknowledged Ag-NP-layered catheter.^156,166

3. Wound dressings:

Ag grievance dressings have been used to clinically treat diverse injuries, such as burns, continual ulcers, pemphigus, and toxic epidermal necrosis^157,166. Ag-NPs used in wound vinaigrette considerably diminished injury restorative time by ordinary of 3.35 days while emergent bacterial go-ahead from tainted injuries with no distant impacts as balance to standard Ag Sulfadiazine and gauze vinaigrette^158,166. Compared with predictable 1% Ag sulfadiazine ointment or plain petrolatum gauze, Ag-NPs used in wound dressings can increase beneficial in exterior burn wounds and made no distinction in salutary philosophical burn wounds, speed up epithelialization even though, no new tissue formation, i.e., angiogenesis and extension.^159,166

Chitosan- Ag-NPs used in wound dressing exhibited fundamentally enhanced injury salutary compared with 1% Ag sulfadiazine in conjunction with the acknowledgment of a smaller amount Ag, which may of poorer quality the happening of argyria or skin discoloration 160,166. Chitin-Ag-NPs used in wound dressings had an antiseptic prospective for abrasion therapeutic applications.^161,162,166

4. Nanoparticles impregnated fabrics for clinical clothing:

Ag-NPs could show high toughness to treated fabrics that escort to an augmentation in the potency of substance capacities due to their high exterior neighborhood to amount ratio and high exterior liveliness. Ag-NPs have been used to manufacture towels, furnishings materials, kitchen fabrics, self-crackdown, bed lines or reusable surgical pattern, veils, patient dresses and antiseptic injury dressings, distrustful face covers, suits aligned with biohazards, invigorating substance, ultra hydrophobic fabrics, sportswear and impending applications in the creation of overpoweringly water-repulsive materials. Beside this, the effect of Ag impregnation of surgical polish suits on facade bacterial effluence in veterinary clinic lowered bacterial dependency counts as measure up to polyester/strand cleans. The outcomes established that Ag impregnation gave consciousness of being victorious in declining bacterial contagion of scours in veterinary therapeutic capability.^163-166

Toxicological limitations of silver nanoparticles:

Silver nanoparticles are hurriedly increasing their consumption in a widespread array of marketable produce throughout the globe. Ag-NPs are generally worn in many applications, above all therapeutic and genetic applications. The breathing organisms are unswervingly or not directly elsewhere to NPs where inquiry is raised about their toxicity. Therefore, in attendance is until the end of instance need to define the setting for protected use of NPs in organic and quantifiable applications. But, still there is lack of authentic in turn concerning introduction of biological, animals and person to Ag-NPs and the prospective risks relating to their diminutive and stretched haul harmfulness lethal personal property. ^165-167

CONCLUSION:

This review is concluded that Synthesis, characterization and their therapeutic application approaches for using metal nanoparticles (Silver and Gold). Recently both academic and industrial research has explored the possibility of using metal nanoparticles.

It would be helps researchers of the Nano science and nanotechnology to safer and biocompatible application.

REFERENCE:

1. Amit Kumar Mittal, Yusuf chisti, Uttamchand Banerjee, synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extract, Journal of Nanomasterials, 2012, 4, 50-62.

2. SiavasnIravani, Green synthesis of metal nanoparticle using plants, Journal of Science, 2011, 4, 23-24.

3. Florence Okarfor, AfefJanen, Tatiana Kuthtarvavermessa Edwards andmichaelcurley- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. their characterization, Appication and Antimicrobial Activity, 2012, 45, 112-123.

4. Shakeel Ahmed, Mudasir, Ahmed, Babulal swami, SaidaIkram- Plants extracts medicated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Application, A Green Experties, 2015, 25, 225-239.

5. Poo Vathinthodiyil Raveendran, Jie F W and Scott L. Wallen- completely “Green synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles”, J. Chem., 2002, 23, 568-600.

6. Giovanni Benelli- green synthesized nanoparticles in the fight against mosquito -born disease and cancer a brief review (2016).

7. Two Wu, Xi Duan, Chunyan Hu, Changgiang Wu, Xiaobincher, Jing Huang, Junbo Lie and She cui, Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticals from Abiesspectabilis extract and its anticancer activity on bladder cancer T24 cell

8. MortezYadi, Erahimmostafavi, Bahramsalen, SoodabehDavaran, ImmiAliyera, RovshanKhlilor, MohommadNikzamir, NasrinNikzamir, Abolfazl, Akbarzadeh.YunesPanahi and Mortezamilani- Current Developments in green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extract: areview Artificial cells, Nanomedicineand biotechnology, DOI: 10 1080/21691401. 2018, 1492932

9. K. Vijayaranghavan, T Ashokkumar, Plant-medicated biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles - A Review of Environmental chemical Engineering (2017)

10. Kaviya, S, et al. (2011)- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using polyalthialongifolia leaf extract along with D- Sorbitol; study of antimicrobial activity. J. Nanotechnol, article ID 152970

11. 11)SubbaRao, Y. et al. Green synthesis and spectral characterization of silver nanoparticles from Lakshmi Tulsi (ocimumsactum) leaf extract. Spectrochium, Acta A. Mol. Biomolspectous (2013) 103, 156-159

12. Anastas, P. T. and Horath, IT. C, Green Chemisrty for a suitable future, (1st edition), (2012) wiley

13. Anastas, P. T. Handbook of Green chemistry - Green processes (volume-3, 3-bookset) (ed. 2012) wiley-SCH

14. 14)Alhuwalia V. K. Green Chemistry Environmentally Benign Reaction, (2nd ed.) CRC Press. (2012)

15. Patel J. T. et al. Green Chemistry New Avenues in Chemical Research: Focus in Health Care, LAP LAMBERT (2012).

16. Xixi Zhao, Haobin Zhao, Lu Yan, Na Li, Junling Shi And Chunmci. Jiung: Recent Development In Detection Using Nobel Metal Nanoparticles, Critical Reviewers In Analytical Chemistry, DOI-10.1080/10408347, 2019.1576496

17. Qin L., Zeng G.; Lia C. Huang O; Xu, P; Zhang, C; Cheng, M; Liu X; Liu S; Liu B; Yi H. Gold Rush in Modern Science: Farrication Strategies and typical Advaced Application of Gold Nanoparticles in SesingCoord. Chem Rev. 2018, 359, 2-31, DOI = Co.Lo.1016/j.ccr. 2018.01.006.

18. Cai W, Gao T, Hong H, Sun J. Application of gold nanoparticles in Cancer nanotechnology Nanotechnol Sci. Applicat. 2008; 1: 17.

19. PaciottGf, Myer L, Weinreich D, Goia D., Pavel N., Mclaughlin RE, et al. colloidal Gold: A Novel Nanoparticles vector for tumor directed drug delivery. 2004; 11(3): 169 -83.

20. Cheng Y., Samia A C, Li J, Kenney M E, Resnick A, Burda C. Delivery and efficiency of a cancer drug as a function of the bond to the gold nanoparticle surface, Langmuir -2009;26(4):2248-55

21. Jain P. K., Huang X, EI. Sayed I. H, EI.-Sayed M. A, Nobel Metals on The Nanoscales: Optical and Photothermal Property and Some Application in Imaging, Sensing, Biology and Medicine. Accounts Chemical Res. 2018; 41(22):1578-6

22. Huu Dang, Derek Fawcett, Gerrard Eddy Jay Poinern. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Waste Macadamia Nut Shells and their Antimicrobial Activity Against Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Epidemis. A Research Article. International Journal Of research in medical sciences. 2019 April; 7(4): 1171-1177

23. Ahmed S. Saifullah; Mudasir Ahmad; BabuLal Swami; SaiyaIkram. Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using AzaradictaIndica Aqueous Leaf Extract. Journal of Radiation Respective and applied Science (2015)

24. Larue C. Castillo-Michel, H. Sobanska, S., Cecillon L., Bureau S., Barthes V. et al. Folian Exposure of the crop Lactuca Sativa to Silver Nanoparticles Evidences for Internalization and changes in A sepeciation Journal of Hazardous Material, (2014) ,264, 98-106

25. Mohammadlou M., Maghsoudi H., Malmiri J. H: A Review on Green Silver Nanoparticals Based On plants: Synthesis, Potential Application and Eco- Friendly approach. International Food Research Journal 23(2): (2014) 446-463

26. Hu. B., Wang S. B., Wang K., zhang M. andYu S. Microware Assisted Rapid Facile Green Synthesis of Uniform silver nabnoparticals: self assembly into multilayered films and their optical properties. The Journal of Physial Chemistry [112(30)], (2008) 11169-11174

27. All D. M., Thajuddin N., Jegannathan K., Gunasekaran M., Plant Extract Mediated Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and its Antibacterial Activity Against Clinically Isolated pathogens colloids surf B Biointerfaces 2011;85:360 -5

28. Ankawar B., Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticals (green gold) Using leaf extract of TerminaliaCatappa, Eur J. Chemistry 2010;7:1334-9

29. Bar H., Bhui D.K., Slahoo G.p., Sarkar P., De S.P., Misra A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex of JatrophaCurcas colloidal Surf A 2009;339:134-9

30. Babu S. A., Prabhu H. G., Synthesis of AgNPs Using the extract of calotropis of procera flower att room temperature Master Lett 2011;65:1675-7

31. Banerjee J. Narendhirakannan R. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from syzyglum, Cumini (L.) sed extract and evaluation of their in sitro, antioxidant activities Dig S. Nanometer Biostructure 2011;6L961-8

32. Bankar A., Joshi B., Kumar A.R., Zinjarde S. Banana peel extract mediated novel route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles colloid Surf A 2010;368:58-63

33. Baskaralingam V., Sargunar C.G., Lin K. C., Chen J. C. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Through CalotropisGigantea Leaf extractand evaluation of antibacterial activity against Vibrio alginolyticuNanotechnol Dev2012; 2:e3

34. Cartro L. Blazquez M. L., Munoz J. A. G. Omzalez F, Garcia-Balboa C., Ballester A. Biosynthesis of gold nanowires using sugar beet pulp Process Biochem 2011;46:1076-82

35. Chandran S.P., Chaudhary M., Pasricha R., Ahmad A. Sasrty M., Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticals using Aloe-vera plant extract. BiotechnolProg 2006; 22:577-83

36. Daisy P. Supriya K., Biochemical analysis of cassia fistula aqueous extract andphytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus, Int. J. Nanomedicine 2012;7:1189-202

37. Song J.Y, Sang H.K., Kim B. S. Biological Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Magnolia KobusandDiopyros Kaki leaf extract Process Biochem 2009;44:1133-8

38. S. Iravani, Green Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant Green Chemistry (2011) 2638-2650

39. Dhillon G. S., Brar S. K., Kaur S., VermaMGreen approach for nanoparticles biosynthesis by fungi current trends and application: crit Rev Biotechnol. (2012) 32:49-73

40. LiX, XuH., Chen Z. S., Chen GBiosynthesis of nanoparticles by micro-organisms andtheir application Nanomates 2011 :1-1b

41. Sastry M. Ahmad A., Islam khan M., Kumar R, biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungiandactinomycetes. Currsci 2003; 85:162-70

42. Armendariz V. Herreal, I. Peralta-VideaJ. R, Jose-Yacaman M., Troiuni H, Sastiago P. Size controlled gold nanoparticles formation by Avena Sativa biomass: use of plants in nanobiotechnology J. Nanopart Res 2004;6:377-82

43. Battie I. R, Havarkamp R G, silver and gold nanoparticles in plants: sites for the reduction to metal metallomics 2011;3:628-32

44. Kumar V. Yadav S. K. plants-medicated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their application J. ChemBiotechnol 2009; 84:151-7

45. Marshall A. T, Haverkamp R.G, Davies C. E, Parsons J.G, Gardea- Torresdey J. L., Van Aglerveld D. Accumulation of gold nanoparticles in BrassicJunceaInt J. Phytoremediation 2007;9:197-206

46. M C Daniel, D. Astruc, Gold nanoparticals: Assembly, Supramolecular chemistry quantu-size related properties, and application towards biology, catalysisand nanotechnology, chem. Rev. 104(2004) 293-346

47. E. Boisselier, D. Astruc. Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicines: preparation, imagimg, diagnostic, therapiesand toxicity, chem. SOC. Rev. 38 (2009) 1759-1782

48. E. Elinav, D. Peer, Harnessing nanomedicines for mucosal theranostics- a silver bullet at last and ACS Nano and (2013) 2883-2890

49. D. A. Giljohann D.J. Seferos, W. L. Daniel, M. D. Massich, P. C. Patel, C. A. Mirkin: Gold nanoparticles for biology and medicine, Angewchem.Int. Ed. 49(2010) 3280-3294.

50. S. S. Shankar, A. Rai, B. Ankumwar, A Singh, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry Biological synthesis of triangular gold nanoparticles, Nat. Matter. 3(2004) 482-488

51. A. Z. Mirza, H. Shamshad, Preparatonand characterization of doxorubicin functionalized gold nanoparticles, Eur. J. Med. Chem 46 (2011) 1857-1860

52. F. Bellia, V. Oliveri, E. Rizzarelli, G. Vecchio, New derivative of carnosine for nanoparticles assemblies Eur. J. Med. Chem. 70(2013) 225-232

53. C. R. Patra, R. Bhattacharya, D Mukhopadyay, P. Mukherjee, Application of gold nanoparticles for targeted therapy in cancer. S biomed nanoparticles 4(2008) 99-132

54. CRPatra, R. Bhattacharya, D. Mulchopadhyay: P. Mukherjee, Fabrication of gold nanoparticles for targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer. Adv. Rug Delivery. Rev. 62(2010) 346-362

55. S. Mukherjee, D. choudhary, R. Kotcherlakata, S. Patra, Ptentioaltherastics Application of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (4in 1 system). Therunostics 4(2014) 316-335

56. M. Paliakoff, P. Licence, Sustainable technology: green chemistry, Nature 450(2007) 810-812

57. S. Mukherjee, V. Sushma, S. Patra, A. K. Barui, M. Pal Bhadra, B. Sreedhar, C. R. Patra, Green Chemistry approach for the synthesis for the synthesis and stabilization of biocompatible gold nanoparticles and their potential application in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology 23 (2013) 455103

58. R. Shukla, K. J. Nune, N. chanda, K. Katti, S. Mekupothala, R. R. Kulkarni, V. W. Welshons, R. Kannan, V. K. Katti, Soyabeans as a phytochemical reservoir for production and stabilization of biocompatible gold nanoparticles, small 4 (2008) 1425-1436

59. S. Mukherjee, B. Shreedhar, C.R. Patra, Potential therapeutic and diagnostic application of one-step in situ biosynthesized gold conjugates (2-in-1-system) in cancer treatment, RSC Adv. 3 (2013) 2318-2329

60. S. S. Shankar, Ahmad A. Sastry M. Geranium leaf assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles Biotechnolprog. (2013); 19: 1627-31

61. Shankar S.S. Rai A. Ahmad A, Sastry M. controlling the optical properties of lemongrass extract synthesized gold nanoparticles and potential application in infrared- absorbing optical coatings Chem. Matter (2005);17:566-72

62. S. Patra, S. Mukherjee, A. K. Barui, AnirbanGanguly, B. Shreedhar, C. R. Patra. Green Synthesis, characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles and their polentical application for cancer therapeutics. Materials science and Engineering. 53(2015); 298-309.

63. Swarup Roy andTapan Kumar Das, Plant Medicated Green synthesis of silver Nanoparticles - A Review, Int. J. of Plant Bio. and Res. (2015); 3(3): 1044

64. S. Iravani, H. Korbekundi, S.V. Mirmohammad, B. Zolfaghari, Synthesis of nanoparticles: chemicals, physical and biological method, Res. Pharmaceutical Sci. 9(2014) 385-406.

65. S. P. Chandran, M. Chaudhary, R. Pasricha, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, Synthesis of gold nanotrianglesand silver nanoparticals using Aloe-vera plant extract, BiotechnolProg. 22(2006) 577-583.

66. S. S. Birla, V. V. Tiwari, A.K. Gade, A. P. Yadav, M. K. Rai, Fabrication of silver nanoparticles by phomaglomerataand its combined effect against Escherichia coli Pseudomonousaeruginssaand staphylococcus aureus, Lett. Application microbio.48;(2009) 173-179.

67. J. Huang, Q Li, D. Jun, Y. Lu, Y. Ju, X. Yang, H. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Shao, N. He, J. Hong, C. Chen, Nanotechnology 19 (2006) 105104.

68. A. L. Lakman, B. Gong, C. E. Marjo, U. Roessner, A. T. Harris, J. Colloids Interface Sci- 353 (2011) 433

69. P. S. Schabes-Retchkiman, G. Canizol, R. Herrera Becerra, C. Zorrilla, H.B. Liv, J. A. Ascencio, opy. Mter 29(1) (2006) 95.

70. J. L. Gardea-Torresdey, E. Gomez, J. R. Perlata-Videa, J.G. Parsons, H. Troiani, M. S. Yaca, em, Langumir 19 (2003) 1357

71. S. Shankar, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, Biotechnol. Prog. 19 (2003) 1627

72. V. Armendariz, I. Herrera, R. Lose P Video, M.J. Yacam H. Troiani, P. Santiago, L. Jorge, G. Torresdey, J. Nanoparticles Res. 6 (2004) 496

73. S. S. Shankar, A. Rai, B. Ankamwar, A. Singh, A. Ahmad M. Sasrty Nat. Matter. 3 (2004) 482.

74. S. S. Shanker, A. Rai, A. Ahmad, M. Sasrty, J. Collidal Interface Sci 275 (2004) 496.

75. B. Ankamwar, C. DAmble, A. Ahmad, M. Sasrty, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol, 5 (2005) 1665

76. S. P. Chandran, M. Chaudhary, R. Pasricha, A. Ahmad M. SasrtyBiotechnolProg. 22 (2006) 517.

77. K. Badrinarayan, N. Sakthivel, Mater. Lett.62 (2008) 4588.

78. N. Mude, I. Avinash, G. Aniket, R. Mahendra, S. plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 18 (2009) 0917

79. V. Parashar, R. Parashar. B. Sharma, A. C. Pandey, Digest J. NanomaterBiostuct 4 (2009) 45.

80. V. Armendariz, J.G. Parsons, M. L. Loper, J. R. Peraltavidea, M. S. Yacaman, L. Jorge, G. Torresdey, Nanotechnology 20 (2009) 105607

81. D. Inbakandan, R. Venkatesan, S. Ajmal Khan, Colloidal Surf. B 81 (2010) 634.

82. A. Nabilkhan, K. Kandasamy, A. Raj, NM Alikunhi Colloidal Surf. B 79 (2010) 634.

83. D. Philip, Spectrochim. Acta A73 (2002) 650.

84. Vijayan R. Joseph S, Mathew B. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial antioxidant and catalytic activities. IET Nanobiotechnology2018;12 : 850-856.

85. Suryawanshi R., Patil C., Borce H., et al., In vitro antiparasitic activity of microbial pigments and their combination with phytosythesized metals nanoparticles. Parasitol Int. 2015; 64 :353-356.

86. Soni N., Prakash S. Green nanoparticles for mosquito control Sci. world J. 2014; 2014: 1.

87. Lakshmana A., Umamashaswari C., Nagarajan N. S., A Facile Phytomediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using aqueous extract of momordicacochinchinensis rhizome and their biological activies. J. Nanosci. Technol 2016; 2: 76-80.

88. Jannathful F. M., and Lalitha P. Biosythesis of silver nanoparticles and its application. Journal of nanotechnology, 2015, 829526, 18 Pages, DOI. 10.115/2015/829526.

89. Hoduci A., Ataie A., Mostafavi E., Intermediate milling energy optimization to enhance the characteristics of Barium Hexaferrite magnetic nanoparticles. J Alloys Comp. 2015; 640: 162-168.

90. Gharegozloo S., Ataie A., Abdizaden H., et al., High Perfomance Ni-CNT, catalyst: synthesis and characterization RSC Adv. 2016; 6: 47072-47082.

91. ImtiyazHussain, N. B. Singh, Ajay Sigh, Himani Singh, S. C Singh. Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application. Biotechnol Lett (2015) 38: 545-560.

92. Makarav V., Love A., Sinitsyna O., Yaminsky SMI, Taliansky M. and Kalinina N., Green nanotechnologies: synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Nature 6(1): (2014) 35-44.

93. Marambio-Jones C., and Hoek EM. A review of antimicrobial effect of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment journal of nanoparticle research 12(5): (2010) 1531-1551.

94. Velayutham K., Rahuman AA., Rajakumar G., Roopan SM., Elango G., Kamaraj C., Marimuthu S., Santhoshtuma T., Iyappan M., and Siva C., Larvicidal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using bark aqueous extract of ficusracemosa against culexquinquefasciatus and culexgelidus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 6(2): (2013) 95-101.

95. Prabhu D; Arulvasa C., Babu G., Manikandan R., and Srinivasan P., C. Biologically synthesized green silver nanoparticle from leaf extract of vitexnegundoL.induce growth- inhibitory effect on human colon cancer cell line HCT 15: ProcessBiochemistry 48(2): (2013),317-324.

96. J. Huang, Q. Li, D. Bun, Y. lu, Y. Su, X. Yang. Biosythesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried cinnamomumcamphora leaf. Nanotechnology 18(2007) 105104-105114.

97. ALeela, M. Vivekanandan. Tapping the unexploited plant resoures for synthesis of silver nanoparticle. Africa Jurnal of Biotechnology 7(2008) 3162-3165.

98. N. Amad, S. Sharma, MK Alam, VN singh, SF Shamsi, BR Mehta, A Fatm, Rapid synthesis of nanoparticles using medicinal particles of basil, coll. Surf. B: Bioterf. 81(2010) 81-86.

99. M. Jayaraj, M. Rajesh, R. Arun, D. Mubark Ali, . Sathishkumar, G. Kapildew, M. Manickavasagam, N. Thajaddin, K. Premkumar, A. Ganapathi, An investigation on the cytotoxicity and caspase- mediated apoptotic effect of biologically hexandrum on human cervical carcininima cells, coll. Surf. B. Biointerf. 102(2013b) 708-117.

100. Ali DM., Thajuddin N., Jaganathan K., Gunasekaran M., Plant extract mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against clinically isolated pathogens. Colloids surf. B. Biointerfaces 2011; 85: 360-365.

101. Prathana TC., chandrasekaran N., Raichur AM., Mukherjee A., Kinetic evolution Studies of silver nanoparticles in bio-based green synthesis process colloids surf. A 2011a; 377: 212-6.

102. Prathana TC., Raichur AM., Chandrasekaran N., Mukherjee A. Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by citrus limon aqueous extract and theoretical prediction of particles size colloids surf. B. Biointerfaces 2011b; 82: 152-9.

103. Lucia Z. FL; HE. Gomez, Ratnasamy S., silver nanoparticles: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress beneficial oxicology effects. Mini review, J. Wiley App. Toxicology (2018); DOI: 10.1002/jat. 3654.

104. Anastas P.T, and Warner J.C, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 1998.

105. Kharissova O.V, Dias H.V.R, Kharisov B.I, P'erez B.O, and P’erez V.M.J, “The greener synthesis of nanoparticles”, Trendsin Biotechnology, vol. 31, (2013), no. 4, pp. 240-248.

106. Mohanpuria P, Rana N.K, and Yadav S.K, “Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological concepts and future applications”, Journal ofNanoparticle Research, vol. 31no. 3, (2008), pp. 507-517.

107. Luechinger N.A, Grass R.N, Athanassiou E.K, and Stark W.J, “Bottom-up fabrication of metal/metal nanocomposites from nanoparticles of immiscible metals”, Chemistry of Materials, vol. 22, no. 1, (2010), pp.155-160.

108. Dameron CT, Reese RN, Mehra RK, Kortan AR, Carroll PJ, Steigerwald ML et al Biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide quantum semiconductor crystallites. (1989)Lett Nat 338:596-597

109. Sweeney RY, Mao C, Gao X, Burt JL, Belcher AM, Georgiou G et al Bacterial biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals. (2016) ChemBiol 11:1553-1559

110. Bharde A, Wani A, Shouche Y, Pattayil A, Bhagavatula L, Sastry M Bacterial aerobic synthesis of nanocrystalline magnetite. (2005) JACS 127:9326-9327

111. Vigneshwaran N, Kathe AA, Varadarajan PV, Nachane RP, Balasubramanya RH Biomimetics of silver nanoparticles by white rot fungus, Phaenerochaetechrysosporium. (2006) Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 53:55-59

112. Lee HJ, Lee G, Jang NR, Yun JM, Song JY, Kim BS Biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extract. (2011) Nanotechnology 1:371-374

113. Joglekar S, Kodam K, Dhaygude M, Hudlikar M Novel route for rapid biosynthesis of lead nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Jatrophacurcas L. latex. Mater Lett 65 (2011) :3170-3172

114. Gopinath K, Shanmugam VK, Gowri S, Senthilkumar V, Kumaresan S, Arumugam A Antibacterial activity of ruthenium nanoparticles synthesized using Gloriosasuperba L. leaf extract. J NanostructChem. 4 (2014), :83

115. Ahmad A, Mukherjee P, Senapati S, Mandal D, Khan MI, Kumar R et al Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusariumoxysporum. Colloids Surf 28 (2003) :313-318

116. EshlemanE., Nagid B. and Ozanne M. Silver nanoparticles: Past, Production and Potential downloaded from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/171741/on16/11/2014.

117. Tao Wu, Xi Duan, Chunyan Hu, Changqiang Wu, Xiaobin Chen, Jing Huang, Junbo Liu andShu Cui, “Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles from AbiesSpectabilis Extract and Anticancer Activity or Bladder Cancer T24 Cells” et al. 2019, 512-523.

118. A Lakshmanam, C. Umamaheshwari, N. S. Nagarajan Journal of Nanoscience and Technology, “A Facile Phyto-Mediated synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Aqueous extract of Momordicacochincinensis Rhizome and Their biological Activities” (2016).

119. Baban D. and Seympur L.W. Control of Tumour Vascular Permeability Adv. Drug Deliv Rev. 34,104-119(1998)

120. AvnikaTomar and GarimaGargShart Review on application of Gold Nanoparticles Global Journal of Pharmacology, 7(1) 34-38(2013)

121. Rajesh WR, Jaya RL, NiranjanSK, Vijay PM, Sahebrao BKPhytosythesis of silver nanoparticles using GliricidiaspepiumCurrnanosci 5 (2000):117-122

122. Feldheim DL, Foss CA Metal nanoparticles; synthesis characterization and application CRCPress, Boca Raton, (2002) P 338

123. Gunalan S., Shivaraj R, Venckatesh R. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Aloe barbadensis miller leaf extract; structure and optical properties, Mater Res Bull 46 (2011) :2560-2566

124. Mittal AK, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. Biotechnol Adv. 31 (2013) :346-356

125. Bar H, Bhui DK, Sahoo GP, Sarkar P, Pyne S, Misra A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Jatrophacurcas. Colloids Surf A PhysicochemEng Asp. 348 (2009) :212-216.

126. Philip D. Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosasinensis. Phys E Low DimensSystNanostruct. 42(2010a):1417-1424

127. Schaffer B, Hohenester U, Trugler A, Hofer F Highresolution surface plasmon imaging of gold nanoparticles by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy. Phys. Rev B 79 (2009) :0414011-0414014

128. Gunalan S, Sivaraj R, Venckatesh R Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Aloe barbadensis miller leaf extract: structure and optical properties. Mater Res Bull 46 (2011) :2560-2566

129. Nguyen VH and Shim JJ Green synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes/polyanilinenanocomposites. J Spectrosc (2015)

130. Dhandapani P, Maruthamuthu S, Rajagopal G Bio-mediated synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and its photocatalytic effect on aquatic biofilm. J PhotochemPhotobiol, B 110 (2012) :43-49

131. Sun S, Murray C, Weller D, Folks L, Moser AMonodisperseFePt nanoparticles and ferromagnetic FePtnanocrystalsuperlattices. Science 287 (2000) :1989-1992

132. Arumugama A, Karthikeyan C, Hameed ASH, Gopinath K, Gowri S, Karthika V Synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using Gloriosasuperba L. leaf extract and their structural, optical and antibacterial properties. Mater SciEng 49 (2015) :408-415

133. Elango G, Roopan SM Green synthesis, spectroscopic investigation and photocatalytic activity of lead nanoparticles. SpectrochimActa Part A 139 (2015) :367-373

134. Sankar R, Rizwana K, Shivashangari KS, Ravikumar V Ultra-rapid photocatalytic activity of Azadirachtaindica engineered colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles. ApplNanosci 5(2014) :731-736

135. Govindaraju K, Tamilselvan S, Kiruthiga V, Singaravelu G Biogenic silver nanoparticles by Solanumtorvum and their promising antimicrobial activity. J Biopest 3 (2010) :349-399

136. Jiang J, Oberdo╮ster G, Biswas P Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglmeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies. J Nanopart Res 11 (2009) :77-89

137. Strasser P, Koh S, Anniyev T, Greeley J, More K, Yu C Lattice-strain control of the activity in de alloyed core-shell fuel cell catalysts. Nat Chem 2 (2010) :454-460

138. Shinde N.C, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. Nanoparticles: Advances in Drug Delivery Systems,2012.

139. Govindaraju K, KhaleelBasha S., Ganesh Kumar V, Singaravelu G,J. Materials Sci., V. 43. P. 5115-5122. (2008) doi/10.1007/s108 53-008-2745-4

140. Scarano G., Morelli E, Biometals, V.15.No 2. P. 145-151, (2002) doi/10.1023/A:1015288000218

141. Lengke M.F, Fleet M.E, Southam G, Langmuir, V. 23 (2007) .No.5. P. 2694-2699

142. Kowshik M, Deshmukh N, Vogel W, Urban J, Kulkarni S.K, Paknikar K. M, Biotechnol. Bioeng, V. 78 (2002) .No. 5. P. 583-588

143. Anshup A, Venkataraman J.S, Subramaniam C, Kumar R.R, Priya S, Kumar T.R, Omkumar R.V, John A, Pradeep T, Langmuir, V. 21. (2005) No 25. P. 11562-11567 doi/10.1021/la0519249

144. 144)Sastry M, Ahmad A, Khan M.I, and Kumar R, Microbial nanoparticles production in Nanobiotechnology, Sensors and Actuators,(2004),126-135.

145. Krolikowska A, Kudelski A, Michota A, Bukowska J, SERS studies on the structure of thioglycolic acid monolayers on silver and gold., Surface Sci, (2003),532,227-232.

146. Kumar A, Mandal S, Selvakannan P.R, Parischa R, Mandale A.B, Sastry M, Investigation into the interaction between surface-bound alkylamines and gold nanoparticles. Langmuir, (2003), 19:6277-6282

147. Shankar S.S, Ahmad A, Pasrichaa R, and Sastry M, Bioreduction of chloroauurate ions by geranium leaves and its endophytic fungus yields gold nanoparticles of different shapes. J Mater Chem, (2003), 13:1822-1826.

148. http://nanogloss.com/nanotechnology/.

149. Yadav N, Solid lipid nanoparticles- A Review, International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, (2013),2,205-219.

150. He W, Liu X, Kienzle A, Muller WEG, Feng Q. 2016. In vitro uptake of silver nanoparticles and their toxicity in human mesenchyme stem cells derived from bone marrow, J Nanosci Nanotechnol, (2016), 16,219-228.

151. Grunkemeier GL, Jin R, Starr A., Prosthetic heart valves: objective performance criteria versus randomized clinical trial. Ann ThoracSurg., Journal of Nanomaterials, (2006), 82:776-780.

152. Ghanbari H, Viatge H, Kidane AG, Burriesci G, Tavakoli M, Seifalian AM., Polymeric heart valves: new materials, emerging hopes, TrendsBiotechnol. (2009),27:359-367.

153. Roe D, Karandikar B, Bonn-Savage N, Gibbins B, Roullet J, Antimicrobial surface functionalization of plastic catheters by silver nanoparticles., J Antimicrob Chemother. (2008), 61,869-876.

154. Hussain SM, Hess K, Gearhart J, Geiss K, Schlager J. 2006. The interaction of manganese nanoparticles with PC-12 cells induces dopamine depletion., Toxicol Sci. (2006),92,456-463.

155. Chou CW, Hsu SH, Wang PH. Bio stability and biocompatibility of poly(ether)urethane containing gold or silver nanoparticles in a porcine model. J Biomed Mater Res A, (2008), 84,785-794.

156. Lackner P, Beer R, Broessner G, HelbokR, Galiano K, Pleifer C, Efficacy of silver nanoparticles-impregnated external ventricular drain catheters in patients with acute occlusive hydrocephalus, Neuro Care. (2010),8,360-365.

157. Chaloupka K, Malam Y, SeifalianAM., Nano silver as a new generation of Nano product in biomedical applications, Trends Biotechnol, (2010),28,580-588.

158. Huang Y, Li X, Liao Z, Zhang G, Liu Q, Tang J, A randomized comparative trial between Acticoat and SD-Ag in the treatment of residual burn wounds, including safety analysis. Burns, Indian Journal, (2007), 33:161-166

159. Chen J, Han C, Lin X, Tang Z, Su S., Effect of silver nanoparticle dressing on second degree burn wound. ZhonghuaWaikezazh (Chinese J Surg)., Nanoscience (2006), 44,50-52.

160. Lu S, Gao W, Gu HY., Construction, application and biosafety of silver nanocrystalline chitosan wound dressing. Burns., Nanoscience, (2002), 34:623-628.

161. Singh D, Rathod V, Ninganagouda S, Hiremath J, Singh AK, Mathew J. Optimization and characterization of silver nanoparticle by endophytic fungi Penicillium sp. isolated from Curcuma longa (turmeric) and application studies against MDR E. coli and S. aureus., Bioinorg Chem Appl. (2014), 21,556-559.

162. Madhumathi K, Kumar PS, Abhilash S, Sreeja V, Tamura H, Manzoor K, Development of novel chitin/nanosilver composite scaffolds for wound dressing applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med. (2010), 21,807-813.

163. Freeman AI, Halladay LJ, Cripps P. The effect of silver impregnation of surgical scrub suits on surface bacterial contamination. Vet J. 192 (2012) :489-493.

164. Van Duyne RP, Haes AJ, McFarland AD., Nanoparticle optics: fabrication, surface-enhanced spectroscopy and sensing, International Journal Society for Optics and Photonics, (2003),21,333-363.

165. Kamat PV, Photophysical, photochemical and photocatalytic aspects of metal nanoparticles., J PhysChem B. (2002),106,7729-7744.

166. MuhammadRafique, IqraSadaf, M. ShahidRafiqueand M. Bilal Tahir, “A Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications”, Chem. Soc. Rev, (2016),20,201-222.

167.N. Khlebtsov and L. Dykman, 2011, Biodistributionand Toxicity of Engineered Gold nanoparticles: A Review of in vivo and vitro studies, Chem. Soc. Rev., (2011),40,1647-1671.

Received on 17.02.2020 Modified on 14.03.2020

Accepted on 06.04.2020      ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved

Asian J. Pharm. Tech.  2020; 10(2):97-106.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2020.00018.5