Pharmacological Properties of Rosa damascene
Sana Iqbal*, Sehrish Khalid, Dr. Sammia Shahid
Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: sanaiqbal410@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
An Ornamental plant Rosa Damascena is being used from ancient times to cure many infectious disorders. It has excellent natural potential against inflammatory diseases. Juice from fresh rose petals contains outstanding antioxidant properties with no side-effects. Its flower has many therapeutic effects that includes relief from chest and abdominal pain and strengthening. Rosa damascena has numerous pharmacological applications having anti-oxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and antidepressant potential. Dried rose petals can be used as an alternative litter material to enhance broiler production and performance. Even distilled waste material of Rosa damascena from industry can be used as an excellent feed for some animals.
KEYWORDS: Rosa damascena, anti-oxidant, therapeutic effects, anti-depressant.
INTRODUCTION:
Rosa damascene formed by the hybridization of two flowering plant (R. gallica and R. Phoenicia) belongs to the Rosaceae family having more than 200species and 18000 varieties all around the world11,19. Rosa damascena found to exist in Damascus originally. It is known as king of all flowers and represents love, faith, and beauty from ancient33. In Iran it is called as Gol-e-Mohammadi.Studies about chemical composition of rose water and rose absolute shows that is contains phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, nonadecane and geraniol are the main compounds. other than these eicosane, Leneicosane, tricodsane, geranyl acetate and eugenol22 are also the compounds found in the Rosa damascena. Pakistan reported the main component (phenyl ethyl alcohol) of rose oil24.
Citronellol and geraniol were from central Iran. several compounds such as terpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carboxylic acid, myrcene, vitamin C, kaempferol, quarcetin, and geraniol are found in this plant23. It is used in perfumes, food industry and for medicinal purpose. in vivo and in vitro studies has made on different products and compounds of the plant including flower, petals and hips which showed that this plant have anti-hypnotic, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and cardiovascular modulating effect. Painful menstruation29 can be treated with this extract as it shows analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
Regional names:
Farsi name: Gol-e-Mohammadi
Arabic name: Warda
Chinese name: Yeu ji hua
Urdu name: Gulab, gul-e-Surkh
Spanish name: Rosa
Common Name:
Damask rose
Scientific Classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
(Ungraded): Tracheophytes
(Ungraded): Angiosperm
(Ungraded) Rosids
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Genus Rosa
Species R. damascena
Habit and habitat:
A light pink color flower which is a hybrid form of Rosa gallica and Rosa moschata originated actually from Damascus, Syria, (as wild plant or hurb)13 hence named as Rosa damascena and found almost all over the world including Pakistan, Iran, India and china. High quality rose oil is produced from Taif1.
Macroscopy:
The macroscopical studies of Rosa damascena showed certain characters:
Shape: Oval or heart shaped petals
Margin: Acuminate
Apex: Sharp/toothed
Stem: un-armed spiny
Color: pinkish red on base
Taste: Sweet fruity and sensitizing on tongue
odor: pleasant
Surface: Smooth and soft
Leaf cover: green to light yellow
Microscopy:
Rosa damascena has thick upper epidermis with thickest leaves and petals. Corolla epidermis secretes strong floral scent. At adaxial leaf surface there are maximum stomata. At the Apex of green hypanthium which is cup shaped that surrounds gynoecium perianth is present. upper epidermis has large phloem, wide protoxylem and broad palisade cells. At lower epidermis vascular bundles, cortical cell and metaxylem are quite smaller11,26.
Chemical constituents:
Rose flowers inhibit anti-oxidant and antiseptic properties as well as vitamin A, B3, C, D and E. Rose hip another name Apothecary Rose and contains a large amount of minerals, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and phenoliccompounds7 Chemical constituents of rose water or rose oilare phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol (1.8-7.2%), nonadecane (10.5-40.5%), geraniol (0.9-7.0%)and nerol (0.9-7.0%) as main compounds. other than these eicosane, Leneicosane, tricodsane, geranyl acetate and eugenol are also found in the Rosadamascena.Citronellol is present in petals in high amount. Rose petals are rich in aromatic volatile oil, gallic acids and quercetinic acid. compounds such as terpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carboxylic acid, myrcene, vitamin C, kaempferol, quarcetin, and geraniol are also found in this plant3,8,15,22
Traditional uses:
Rose oil is used to cure high body temperature. Rosa damascena is quite effective to cure heart disease. Aroma therapy has been used to stabilize mental and cardiac problem. It speeds up the healing process and bile secretions. Stomach issues, weakness and depression were also cured by this plant. It also act as painkiller and laxative20 Syrup of roses used as anti-infective medicine, honey of roses as anti-septic and as mouth wash, rose water as anti-inflammatory and eye wash18,28,31
Ethanobotanical uses:
Paste of rose petals act as virulent for the treatment of uterine haemorrhages.
Rose flowers are used as laxative agent. It inhibits anti-oxidant and antiseptic properties. secretion of bile juice can be maintained by using the rose petal tea which is also beneficial for the immaculation of gall bladder24. Symptoms of Rheumatoids arthritis can be cured by taking the rose hip by mouth. It is advantageous for boosting the immune system, fever, infections, reducing pain and stiffness, menstrual bleeding, abdominal and chest pain29.
Rose water is used in perfumes, flavoring the food and in religious activities. Rose water have cooling effect and used as antibacterial agent which in turn used for the treatment of sore throat, enlarged tonsils, cardiac problems, eye disease and gall stones10,21.
Pharmacological activities:
Anti-oxidant activity:
Rosa damascena is really strong anti-oxidant with having no side effects. Tea made by rose petals has highest antioxidant activity having no caffeine content.Having phenolic compound,carotenes and high amount of tocopherol it is major anti-oxidant potent which prevent oxidative damage.Rose petal exhibits polysaccharides-peptide complex which showed anti-oxidant properties12 ,13,17,27,32.
Antibacterial activity:
Rosa damascena extract indicated anti-bacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. enteritidis and A. Niger when experiments performed by Ager well diffusion method.
Against E. coli and B. subtilis acetone extract displayed higher sensitivity than that of aqueous extract. Anti-bacterial activity was also seen against A. niger and P. aeruginosa by hexane extract of Rosa damascena. Rose petal extracts in petroleum ether is less susceptible than aqueous and alcoholic extract. This extract showed susceptibility towards periodontal pathogens. Extract of Rosa damascena shows activity towards gram positive and gram-negative bacteria.11,14,17,28
Broiler production:
Rosa damascena act as an excellent feed for poultry animals as dry petals act as litter material which results in decrease pathogen production.
Distilled and waste petals contain a large number of polyphenols strong cytotoxic bioactive and antimicrobial agent which enhance the meat production and additionally decrease the unpleasant smell of poultry. This kind of feed also improve animal health while decreasing number of diseases5.
Antiviral activity:
Variousstages of HIV reproductive cycle were pointed by rose petal extracts in water and methanol. Extracts represented sensitivity towards HIV contagion. A chemical constituents kaempferol and its derivatives influenced on the protease and gp120/CD4 of virous25.
Immunomodulating activity:
Pectic polysaccharides, xyloglucans and arabinose-3,6-glactans are found to present in suspension culture of waste rose petal which showed immunopharmacological activity counter to digestive system and immunological system.
Intestinal immune system, modulation was shown by RP-1 on payer’spatch cell and production of IL-6 was stimulated from murine macrophages30.
Hepatoprotective effect:
Rosa damascena possess free radical stalking activity so have the ability to prevent from hepatotoxicity caused by CCl4. It causes damage by the formation of radicals and lipid peroxide in the liver membrane. Acetone fraction of Rosa damascena can reduce the formation of radical and lipid peroxide andhence act as hepatoprotective agent. Flower top can protect (if taken for long time) from liver damage due to paracetamol2,6.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect:
Experiments and results revealed that when the HCL extract took orally it lessen the time prostrated in whipping the injured paw in formalin model. this extract of Rosa damascena contained flavonoids which shows analgesic effect. Extract in HCl represented sufficient control over the abdominal twitches16,28.
Alzheimer’s Disease:
Several studies revealed that in one of the rat model of amyloid-beta-induced AD. Rosa damascena increased the ripened neuro-genesis, dimensions of hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and hence alters the Aβ-linked memory abnormality in that model. It is because of the presence of flavonoids4,15.
Anti-cancer:
Rosa damascena have strong anticancer agents. This plant is quite effective to treat colon cancer. Studies showed that Rosa damascena has proved excellent herb having quite stable oxidative prevention of DNA. This plant having cytotoxic effects on cancer lines. Methanolic extracts of this plant shows anticancer property for lung and breast cancer9,20
Macroscopy of Rosa damascena
Anatomy of rose
Products from Rosa damascena
CONCLUSIONS:
Rosa damascena a small plant belongs to rosaceae family. Originated from Damascus, Syria, and found almost all over the world. Rose water and rose oil are used in religious activities and many others such as flavoring the food, perfume industry and medicine. This plant possesses pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunomodulating effect, hepatoprotective and also used in broiler production. Chemical constituents are phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, terpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, carboxylic acid, vitamin C, geranyl acetate and kaempferol.
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Received on 24.04.2020 Modified on 27.05.2020
Accepted on 29.06.2020 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2020; 10(3):183-186.
DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2020.00031.8