Formulation and Evaluation of Neem extract Hand Sanitizer
Dr. Yogesh Thorat, Smeeta Kumbhar, Vinod Matole*, Avinash Birajdar, Saili Madur,
Smita Patil, Anita Shegaonkar
D.S.T.S. Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Solapur-413004, Maharashtra, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: matole7414@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Objective: The present research has been undertaken for the formulation and evaluation of neem Extract of hand sanitizer. It is used for topical use for the local anaesthetic activity. Methods: Carbopol 934 was used as a polymer in various batches. The ratio of Carbopol 934 was changed for various batches. Developed Formulations of Physicochemical parameters such as percentage yield, drug content, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, Extrudability and In-vitro Diffusion study were carried out for developed batches of Neem extract. Results: Viscosity studies of various formulations Exhibited that Formulation F3 was better than that of F1 and F2. From among all the developed formulation, F3 Shows better rheological properties and excellent Extrudability. pH of the F3 Batch is Sufficient to treat the bacteria. Percentage yield and drug content of F3 batch is better than other batches. Results shows that the concentration of Carbopol 934 gives the good rheological properties and drug contents. In-vitro Diffusion studies were carried out, F3 batch shows better results than that of the other two batches i.e. 99.06%. Conclusion: It was concluded that F3 batch is the better than that of other batches. So F3 batch is better for the topical use.
KEYWORDS: Neem extract, Hand sanitizer, Alcohol, Formulation, Evaluation.
INTRODUCTION:
Hand sanitizer is a liquid or gel generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands. They are available as liquids, gels, and foams. Formulations of alcohol-based versions are preferable to hand washing with soap and water in most situations in the healthcare setting. Generally, it is more effective at killing microorganisms than soap and water, with some exceptions such as norovirus and clostridium difficile The general use of non-alcohol based versions has no recommendations. Outside the healthcare setting, hand washing with soap and water is generally preferred. Hand washing should still be carried out if contamination can be seen or following the use of the toilet.
Alcohol-based versions typically contain some combination of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol (ethyl alcohol), or n-propanol, with versions containing 60% to 95% alcohol the most effective. Care should be taken as they are flammable. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer works against a wide variety of microorganisms but not spores. Compounds such as glycerol may be added to prevent drying of the skin. Some versions contain fragrances; however, these are discouraged due to the risk of allergic reactions. Non-alcohol based versions typically contain benzalkonium chloride or triclosan; but are less effective than alcohol-based ones.
Alcohol has been used as an antiseptic at least as early as 1363 with evidence to support its use becoming available in the late 1800s. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been commonly used in Europe since at least the 1980s. The alcohol-based version is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$1.40–3.70 per liter bottle1.
Figure 1: Chemical structure of Azardichitin1
Neem is a natural herb that comes from the neem tree, other names for which include Azadirachta indica and Indian lilac. The extract comes from the seeds of the tree and has many different traditional uses. Neem is known for its pesticidal and insecticidal properties, but people also use it in hair and dental products. Azadirachta indica is an antibacterial agent. It contains Azardichitin2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Materials:
Neem Extract Taken from natural source. Carbopol, Ethanol, Propylene Glycol, triethanolamine, Glycerine and Distilled water are taken from Lab grade basis.
Equipments:
Weighing Balance (Shimadzu AY220), pH mater (Equiptronics EQ-615), Viscometer (Brookfield Viscometer LV-DV-E), Homogeniser (Remi-400), Uv Visible Spectrophotometer (Systronic 2201).
Methods:
Preparation of neem Extract3:
Cover the neem leaves with water at a ratio of one kilogram of leaves to five liters of water. Let the leaves soak overnight. Don't heat or boil the mix. Heat will actually lower the Azadirachtin content of the neem leaf extract. The next day grind the leaves in the water, and then strain the mixture. And kept it to cool in a fridge to form an extract.
Procedure for formulation of Neem extract of Hand sanitizer4-5:
· Accurately weighed Carbopol 934 was taken in a beaker and dispersed in 50ml distilled water.
· Kept the beaker aside to swell the Carbopol for half an hour and then stirring was done.
· 5ml of propylene glycol and 5ml of glycerine were taken in another beaker and added weighed quantity of propyl paraben and methyl paraben and stirred properly.
· After all, Carbopol was dispersed, 2gm of Neem Extract and ethanol was mixed together and preservatives solutions were added with constant stirring.
· Finally, Distilled water was added to make up the volume up to 100ml and triethanolamine was added drop wise in the formulation5.
Evaluation test for Hand sanitizer6:
Determination of pH:
The pH of hand sanitizer formulations was determined by using digital pH meter. 1gm of gel was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water and stored for 2 hours. The Measurement of PH was determined.
Spreadability:
To determine the Spreadability the hand sanitizer formulation of 1gm was placed between the horizontal plates (20×20 cm2) after 1 minute. The upper plate was tied with a standardized weight of 125gm.
Extrudability:
To determine the Extrudability of hand sanitizer formulation the collapsible metal or aluminium collapsible tube was filled with hand sanitizer formulation and the pressure was applied to the tube so that extrusion of gel takes place and it was checked.
Table 1. Formulation Table
|
Sr. No. |
Ingredients |
Quantity Taken |
Role |
||
|
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
|||
|
1 |
Neem Extract |
2gm |
2gm |
2gm |
API |
|
2 |
Carbopol 934 |
0.5gm |
1gm |
1.5gm |
Gelling agent |
|
3 |
Ethanol |
70% |
70% |
70% |
Solvent |
|
4 |
Propylene Glycol |
5ml |
5ml |
5ml |
Humectant |
|
5 |
Methyl paraben |
0.1gm |
0.1gm |
0.1gm |
Preservative |
|
6 |
Propyl Paraben |
0.1gm |
0.1gm |
0.1gm |
Preservative |
|
7 |
Triethanolamine |
0.6ml |
0.6ml |
0.6ml |
Thickening agent |
|
8 |
Glycerine |
5ml |
5ml |
5ml |
Moisturising agent |
|
9 |
Distilled Water |
q.s. |
q.s. |
q.s. |
Solvent |
Viscosity:
Selection of spindle:
Spindle T64 used for the determination of Viscosity of Neem Extract hand sanitizer.
Sample Container size:
The viscosity was measured using 100gm of gel filled in a 100ml beaker.
Spindle immersion:
The T64 was lowered perpendicular in the centre taking care that spindle does not touch the bottom of the beaker.
Measurement of viscosity:
The T64 was used for the determination of viscosity in hand sanitizer. The factors like temperature, pressure, and Sample size etc which affects the viscosity was maintained during the process. To give various Viscosities the helipath T bar spindle was moved up and down. The Torque reading was found to be 22%. The viscosity of gel was obtained by taking average of 3 reading in 1minutes.
Invitro- Diffusion Study:
The diffusion studies were carried using Franz diffusion cells. The donor compartment containing 1gm of hand sanitizer was separated from receptor compartment containing 26 ml of PBS pH 6.8 by a treated cellophane membrane. The receptor compartment was agitated throughout the process by magnetic stirrer. The samples were withdrawn at scheduled intervals (replaced with equivalent amount of PBS pH 6.8) and analysed at 217.6 nm in double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Table 2. Percentage yield of hand sanitizer
|
Formulation |
Percentage yield |
|
F1 |
96.11% |
|
F2 |
97.54% |
|
F3 |
99.44% |
Table 3. Drug Content of hand sanitizer
|
Formulation |
Drug Content |
|
F1 |
96.78 |
|
F2 |
98.64 |
|
F3 |
99.75 |
Table 4. pH of hand sanitizer
|
Formulation |
pH |
|
F1 |
5.48 |
|
F2 |
4.68 |
|
F3 |
6.42 |
Table 5. Viscosity of gel hand sanitizer
|
Formulation |
Viscosity (cP) |
|
F1 |
5632 |
|
F2 |
4220 |
|
F3 |
2345 |
Table 6. Spreadability of hand sanitizer
|
Formulation |
Spreadability(gm.cm/s) |
|
F1 |
6.43 |
|
F2 |
8.54 |
|
F3 |
9.43 |
Table 7. Extrudability of hand sanitizer
|
Formulation |
Extrudability |
|
F1 |
+ |
|
F2 |
++ |
|
F3 |
+++ |
Excellent (+++), Good (++), Average (+), Poor (-)
Table 8. In vitro Diffusion Study
|
Time |
%CDR |
||
|
|
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
30 |
38.88 |
34.41 |
43.18 |
|
60 |
47.06 |
42.92 |
52.93 |
|
120 |
66.25 |
63.40 |
67.67 |
|
180 |
84.34 |
72.17 |
74.09 |
|
240 |
94.56 |
81.29 |
82.17 |
|
300 |
96.35 |
97.30 |
99.06 |
CONCLUSION:
Carbopol 934 was used as a polymer in various batches. Developed Formulations of Physicochemical parameters such as percentage yield, drug content, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability and Extrudability were carried out for developed batches of Neem extract. In-vitro Diffusion studies were carried out, F3 batch shows better results than that of the other two batches i.e. 99.06%. Viscosity studies of various formulations Exhibited that Formulation F3 was better than that of F1 and F2. From among all the developed formulation, F3 Shows better rheological properties and excellent Extrudability. pH of the F3 Batch is Sufficient to treat the bacteria. Percentage yield and drug content of F3 batch is better than that of other batches. F3 batch is suitable for topical use than other batches. So F3 Batch shows the better results than other Batches.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
Authors are thankful to Principal, College of Pharmacy, Solapur.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
Nil.
REFERENCES:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer
2. https://www.google.com/search?q=neem&rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN886IN886&oq=neem&aqs=chrome..69i57.3188j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8.
3. https://www.discoverneem.com/neem-leaf-recipes.html
4. Mitkari B, Korde S, Mahadik K. Formulation and evaluation of topical liposomal gel for fluconazole. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2014;44(4):324-333.
5. Kasar P, Phadtare D, Kale K. Formulation ad evaluation of Antifungal gel containing Itraconazole. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2018;10(4):71-74.
6. Basha B, Prakasam K, Goli D. Formulation and evaluation of gel containing fluconazole antifungal agent. International Journal of Drug Development and Research. 2011;3(4):109-128.
Received on 19.04.2020 Modified on 10.05.2020
Accepted on 22.06.2020 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2020; 10(3):134-136.
DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2020.00023.9