The Study of Herbal Medicines and their Therapeutic effects for Farm Animals
Jasmin Dadras, Nastaran Herman, Sahand Rahimi
Department of Herbal Medicine, Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: dadras@chemhitech.ir
ABSTRACT:
Recent worldwide restriction on the use of antibiotic in veterinary drugs due to spread of antibiotic resistance and residues has drawn the attention of researchers towards the alternative growth promoters such as pre- and probiotics and herbal preparations, as new classes of additives to animal feeds including poultry, livestock, honey bee, aquatic animals and pets. Many diverse medicinal plants can be used as natural feed additives or remedies to promote the performance of farm animal. Additionally, Iran is located in a very specific climate region and has a rich flora in case of medicinal herbs. At the time popular plants derivatives that have received particular attention in this industry includes (but not limited to) the herb itself, essential oil, liquid extract (with appropriate solvent) and dry extract. In this article we are going to review the current state of regulations and manufacturing herbal veterinary drugs in Iran.
KEYWORDS: Herbal drug, Veterinary medicines, Antibiotic resistance, Herbal extracts, Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM).
Antibiotics are medications applied to prevent or/and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. The development of resistance to animal antimicrobials may present a hazard to humans when the resistant bacteria can cause disease in human and can be transmitted via contaminated food. According to WHO report, 2118, the antibiotic resistance is a global critical situation and is getting worse by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor health and infection control. In farms the spread of bacterial disease may be worsen by the proximity of the animals too (1,2).
There are plenty resources of different kinds of medicinal herbs which can be used as natural feed additives for poultry, live stocks, honey bee, aquatic animals and pets. The plant products proved as more promising antimicrobials in spite of the fact that their antimicrobial activity is milder than commercially available antibiotics. Veterinary herbal medicines entail medicines with herbal origin and application of their preventive, therapeutic and prophylactic effects in animal health care (7-9).
Each medicinal plant has a unique spectrum of pharmacologically active ingredients which mean a special therapeutic effect to the plant. Most of the therapeutic effects have been known from ancient time. Although due to modernization, some part of this knowledge is missed or neglected, herbal treatments and formulations is now much more trustworthy among farmers and it is prescribed with confidence by practitioners [4]. Herbal drugs alternatively can be used in combination with antibiotics with enhanced activity against bacterial infections. The most commonly used herbs that possess antimicrobial properties are garlic, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, thyme and mustard. The potential of new plant-derived antibiotics is under investigation (9-12).
There are several administration route for veterinary herbal medicines including:
· Fresh/dried herbs which is the easiest way to take advantage of medicinal herbs. The drawback is in the case of overdosing (when the herb contain toxic ingredients) or insufficient healing marker due to unpalatable fodder
· Alcoholic standard tinctures are in form of oral solution. Since the effective marker may be diluted in the process, it is recommanded when the concentration is high enough.
· Oily extracts or semisolid formulations are given externally for example, on skin wounds
· Standardized (in effective marker) dry extract is the best solution make sure of its safety and efficacy
Herbal drug prescriptions would be definitely appropriate when the risk-benefit ratio is evaluated based on the scientific evidences. Pharmacognostical studies behind any herbal medicine, including animal study and farm study and regulatory organization as well are challenging issues (13-15).
While the herbal products are cheaper, the active ingredients of the medicinal plants are becoming increasingly expensive, due to the time consuming procedure and rigorous standard to follow. Thus, there is also an urgent need to encourage research to focus on production of herbal products that have competitive price in comparison with Western drugs. One of the solution is to industrialize production, in which the production volume is such huge that the finished products price seem reasonable (16-19).
DISCUSSION:
Standardization, dosage and regulatory aspects
Targeted therapeutic use of herbal products and ensuring their safety and efficacy in veterinary drugs through registration and regulation entail important challenges. Standardization of veterinary herbal medicines (as in its raw form or in extract form) is important to ensure the uncertainty in active ingredient and other quality parameters remains in a reasonable range. The translation of human dose to animal dose is a challenging issue to ensure effectiveness and safety. The Food and Drug administration introduced body surface area as a parameter used to extrapolate of animal dose to human dose (3,19,20).
Quality control system implementation for dosage determination (efficacy) and consistency in production (least uncertainty), and stability (shelf life determination), and for the detection of contamination/adulteration to prevent toxicity is necessary. The identification of the active principal in medicinal herbs/extracts is essential for quality control and also for assigning the dose of the plant-based drug. Also, farm study for determination of the appropriate dosage of these drugs is important (15,21-25).
Standardization of herbal medicines has a complicated procedure because these medicines contain various compounds from very simple linear alkane to complex multi ring chemical structure. Additionally, some of the herb ingredients responsible for a special therapeutic effect are often unknown. Thus, the identification of the physicochemical properties of herbal medicines, along with pharmacognostical data, is necessary for the standardization and validation of active constituents. In figure (1) a graphic illustration depicts different aspects of standardization. It includes but not limited to identification, pharmacognostical studies and physicochemical analysis (26-36).
Figure (1) Standardization aspects of herbal drugs
Moreover, the popularity of herbal medicines enlightens the need for harmonization. In case of human herbal medicines, collaboration efforts have been done at the national and international levels. Several monographs like WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, PDR for herbal medicines and various pharmacopoeias including British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, BP, USP, European Pharmacopoeia and Japanese Standards for Herbal Medicine have monographs of many herbs used for human care, but none of them state the herbal monographs used as veterinary medicines (1-8). It can thus be concluded that there is still a need for both the validation of traditional claims (detailed pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigations, etc.) and safety evaluations in appropriate models of these medicinal plants for their development and use as veterinary medicines (9-13).
Veterinary herbal medicines in Iran:
The Medicine and Treatment Affairs of Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO) is currently responsible for veterinary medicines regulatory affairs in Islamic Republic of Iran. This office issue license for any product and imported medicines including chemical and herbal drugs according to regulations. Although during last two decades more than 51 herbal medicine licenses (products of Iran) has been issued, “the instruction for ethnoveterinary and herbal medicines” is just developed and executed. The number of launched and prescribed finished products are less than 51 and they are mostly applied for poultry. In the second place, these veterinary medicines are used for livestock mostly, for dairy cattle. There are few products for honey bee, horse and aquatic animals. Pets are the neglected section in veterinary herbal medicine production in Iran, although it has a growing market (14-16). In figure (2) statistical data on the applied indications by manufacturer is shown. The diagram shows that veterinary herbal medicines are mostly manufactured as respiratory system support with mucolytic effect (24:), digestive system support for appetite, dyspepsia and bloating (22:) and liver support for detoxification (19:). The indications having the least share of manufacturing include antibacterial, anxiolytic, immune booster and analgesic medicines, which all together encompass about 12: of all finished products. Most of formulations are in solution form or mixed powder. Oral solutions are produced mostly from herbal ethanolic extracts which are sprayed or dissolved in water and mixed powders are herbal powders or herbal dry extracts and miscible with feed.
Figure (2) Indications of herbal veterinary medicines manufactured in Iran
In Iran's 21-year vision plan, Iran aims to upgrade the share of veterinary herbal drugs to 21: of veterinary medicines by the end of 2125 (1414 Persian calendar). The IVO plan to persuade human herbal drug producers and researchers to develop herbal formulation or supplements to be used in farm to avoid overuse of chemicals and antibiotics. Since Iran is located in a very specific ecologic region having 11 out of 13 climates on the earth, more than 8111 herbal species among which about 1311 medicinal plants can be harvested. In figure (3) the share of currently applied herbs in veterinary formulations in Iran is represented. Species of thyme, peppermint and eucalyptus are the three main used by veterinary herbal drug manufacturers. There are of course more potent medicinal herbs for veterinary medicines that are neglected (1-5).
Figure (3) The abundance of medicinal plants in veterinary herbal drugs in Iran
CONCLUSIONS:
In veterinary practice in Iran, there is a serious decision to promote animal health in a natural way. Therefore, there is a need to prioritize the veterinary herbal sector. Many herbs and medicinal plants are now identified thoroughly with their active ingredients, side effects and standardized for human use. The most important challenge is to extrapolate data to the prospective veterinary medicine via farm studies. The most frequent applications in this field include, growth promoters, antistress and adoptogens and immune modulators. The governmental sector is now expected to encourage and support skilled investigators during the route and promote the farmer knowledge in this regard. The private sector seems ready to invest on developing and processing medicinal herbs too. The newly launched regulation by IVO promises the good days are coming!
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Received on 04.05.2020 Modified on 28.05.2020
Accepted on 17.06.2020 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2020; 10(3):137-142.
DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2020.00024.0