INTRODUCTION:

Nanotechnology is, according to Drexler, the concept of manipulation at the molecular level of the structure of matter. It includes the ability to create atom-by-atom precision molecular structures, yielding a number of nanomachines. Nanotechnology's basic feature is the scale that makes it practical to be used in several different fields.¹

Over the years, the concept of nano-composite material has greatly extended to include a wide range of systems, such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, constructed from distinctly different components and mixed at the scale of the nanometer. Nanocomposites are 'nanoscale structured materials that improve the macroscopic properties of products,' according to Azonano (2009).

He observed that nanocomposites are usually clay, carbon, or polymer, or a mixture of these materials with building blocks of nanoparticles. A fast-growing field of research is the general class of nanocomposite organic/inorganic materials. The ability to obtain control of nanoscale structures through innovative synthetic approaches focuses on significant effort. The characteristics of nanocomposite materials depend not only on their ancestors' characteristics, but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics.²

What are Nanomaterials?

In the size range of approximately 1-100 nanometers, nanomaterials have at least one outside size and nanoparticles are objects with all 3 outside dimensions at the nanoscale. Such nanoparticles are either obviously acquired from volcanic ash, soot from foresters, etc. Or they are by results of processes of combustion (e.g., welding, diesel engines). Physically and chemically, these materials are heterogeneous and are regularly referred to as extremely fine particles. Sometimes, nanomaterial behaviour can also rely more on the floor region than on the composition of the particles themselves. One of the most significant variables that improve its reactivity, power and electrical properties is the relative floor vicinity. In the healthcare, electronics, cosmetics, textiles, records era and environmental protection, these nano-scale debris, tubes, rods, or fibres are used. The properties of nanomaterials are not well characterised all the time.

Metals, ceramics, polymeric substances, or composite substances may be nanomaterials, with a wide variety of homes and potential packages. These include, in particular, small digital devices, miniature batteries for biomedical programmes, film packaging, amazing absorbents, armour additives and engine components. Nanotechnology can be used to design pharmaceuticals that can target particular organs or cells within the cancer-cell system and increase therapeutic efficacy. In order to make them more potent and even lighter, nanomaterials can also be delivered to cement, cloth and other substances. Their size makes them extremely useful in electronics, and they can also be used in environmental remediation or cleanup to bind with and neutralise pollutants. Engineered nanoparticles with very specific properties associated with shape, length, floor dwellings and chemistry are developed and built.

By using laser ablation, HiPCO (excessive-pressure carbon monoxide), arc discharge and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) techniques, these nanoparticles can be developed experimentally. These substances have correct optical, magnetic, electrical and numerous houses and have had an extraordinary influence on electronics, medicines and other industries. Nanocrystals, which can be made of a quantum dot surrounded by semiconductor materials, nanoscale silver, dendrimers (repetitively branched molecules) and fullerenes, are engineered nanomaterials (carbon molecules in the form of a hole sphere, ellipsoid or tube). However, even though engineered nanomaterials offer incredible advantages, their potential to impact human fitness and the environment is not commonly known. Via inhalation and ingestion and through the skin, nano-sized debris can enter the human body. Like asbestos, fibrous nanomaterials made from carbon have been shown to induce inflammation within the lungs.⁴

COMPOSITION OF NANOCOMPOSITES:

Nanocomposites are composite materials that have one of the phases in the nanometer range with dimension. Owing to their excellent properties, nanocomposites are potential alternatives to microcomposites and monolithics. Nanocomposites consist of two or more distinct components or phases with different physical and chemical characteristics and are distinguished by a separate interface.

The matrix is called the constituent that is usually present in greater quantity. In order to enhance the mechanical properties of nanocomposites, the part that is integrated into the matrix material is called reinforcement (or nanomaterials). Generally, reinforcement is in the form of nanosized filler materials.¹

ADVANTAGES OF NANOCOMPOSITES:

1. In aqueous medium, extremely dispersible

2. The controlled release of the medication

3. Uniform distribution over an extended time period of the active agent

4. Reduces frequency of the administration

5. Augmented stability

6. Penetrate regions inaccessible to other delivery systems³

HISTORY OF NANOCOMPOSITES:

For almost 50 years, nanocomposites have been studied, but few references discuss the significance of how organoclay is transformed into the preferred plastic. As early as 1950, nanocomposites were first described, and polyamide nanocomposites were mentioned as early as 1976. However, it was not until Toyota researchers began an in-depth study of polymer/layered silicate clay mineral composites that nanocomposites were more widely studied in both educational and industrial laboratories. In their work, Acquaruloand O'Neil (2002) discovered that Toyota's Central Research and Development Laboratories started experimenting with polymer-layered silicate-clay mineral composites in the early 1980s and that the time developed into a broader analysis of the technology.

Montmorillonite, commonly referred to as nanoclay and from time to time referred to as bentonite, is the clay mineral that creates the highest interest for use in nanocompositesAccording to Briell, bentonite "is natural clay, typically created by the in-situ alteration of volcanic ash or by the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks" (2004). This clay is easily accessible and relatively cheap, and in nanocomposite applications, it is also the most widely used clay. In his research, Azonano (2009) described the real beginning of the history of polymer nanocomposites in 1990, while "Toyota first used clay/nylon-6 nanocomposites for Toyota cars if you want to produce timing belt covers." He pointed out that once the different car software was introduced, including:

· Mitsubishi's GDI protects engines with clay/nylon-6 nanocomposites; and

· Step Assistant GMC Safari and Chevrolet Astro vans of General Motors clay/polyolefin nanocomposites.

However, despite the fact that Toyota brought the first polymer/clay auto elements as the capability packages go past automotive enterprise, Nanocomposites were used commercially. Drink packaging application thought about enhanced barrier homes of polymer clay nanocomposites is one of the most exciting. The industrial and technological significance of this subject can easily be recognised. Recent developments in the ability to reflect, manufacture and monitor nanometer-scale substances have led to their widespread use as fillers in new varieties of nanocomposites.⁴

TYPES OF NANOCOMPOSITES:

Nanocomposites are categorised according to the kinds of reinforcement materials used in their construction and the matrix materials used. Nanocomposites are typically categorised into three groups according to the form of matrix material.¹

Ceramic matrix nanocomposites:

Ceramic nanocomposites of the matrix primarily have the Al₂O₃ or SiC system. The visible strengthening of the Al₂O₃ matrix after additithe on a low (i.e. approximately: 10 percent) volume fraction of SiC particles of acceptable size and hot pressing of the resulting mixture have been confirmed by most studies reported so far.

Metal matrix nanocomposites:

The nanocomposites of the metal matrix (MMNC) apply to materials consisting of a ductile metal or alloy matrix in which some nanosized reinforcement material is implanted. These materials have metal and ceramic properties mixed.

Polymer matrix nanocomposites:

For their ease of processing, lightweight and ductile design, polymer matrix nanocomposites are commonly used in the industry. They have some drawbacks compared to metals and ceramics, such as low modulus and strength.⁵

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF NANOCOMPOSITES:

1. Emulsion/solvent evaporation:

It is mainly dependent on emulsion formation and then solvent evaporation. Solvent evaporation and unnecessary pressure stirring results in the nanoform formation of precipitates. It is ideal for pills that are hydrophobic. In order to create an oil step, both drug and polymer are dissolved in a common natural solvent. The water section consists of a polymer soluble in water. The oil portion is then dispersed with non-stop stirring or sonication in an aqueous process to form oil in a water emulsion. Solvent is then licenced to evaporate to form nanocomposite particles filled with drugs. Both stages are oil in oil in oil emulsion. The oil step and aqueous portion of this system are calculated to depend on the solubility of the drug and polymer. Using this method, paclitaxel-loaded nanocomposite PLGA/MMT uses dichloromethane (DCM) as a solvent. In DCM, 5 mg of paclitaxel and one hundred and ten mg of PLGA were dissolved in order to bring together a clean oil section response. With 2 percent w/v PVA and different quantities of MMT (0, 0.046 percent and 0.092 percent w/v), an aqueous response is prepared. Inside the aqueous section, the oil segment is then emulsified for one hundred twenty s with sonication. The produced emulsion was permitted to evaporate at room temperature overnight to harden the debris.

2. Emulsification solvent diffusion:

This technique is based on emulsification and then solvent diffusion to the outer section to form the precipitate of nanocomposite particles. Solvent diffusion is due to its solubility in the outer phase. Solvent diffusion and excessive pressure stirring results in the formation of precipitates in the nanoform. Polymers are dissolved solely based on the solubility and swelling form of polymers in various solvents. In the outer aqueous portion, the inner natural oil segment is then emulsified to form nanocomposite particles with continuous stirring or homogenization. The organised emulsion of PLA/MMT nanobiocomposite through emulsification solvent diffusion strategy. The PLA solution and MMT dispersion in ethyl acetate solvent were prepared one by one. As an oil portion, the PLA solution, clay dispersion, and lauryl alcohol were then blended and used. In distilled water, the aqueous section is prepared with surfactants and PVA. In the aqueous process, with homogenization and then magnetic stirring, the oil section is dispersed.

3. Solution intercalation:

In general, this technique is used as a nanofiller for layered silicates, which may be intercalated within the polymer matrix. In the galleries between silicate layers, the theory requires the diffusion of the polymer chain. Solvent is chosen in this technique so that the polymer is soluble in solvent at the same time as the inorganic nanofiller simply swells. Polymer is dissolved in solvent and inorganic nanofiller is then added with stirring in response. Fillers are usually allowed to swell until they are added to the polymer matrix. This contributes to polymer intercalation into silicate to form nanobiocomposites.⁴

4. Melt intercalation:

A promising process commonly used in the industry is melt intercalation. This technique involves the blending of nanofillers (clays) at molten temperature into the polymer matrix. In this process, either statically or under shear, polymer and nanofibre mixtures are annealed. This method is consistent with current industrial processes, such as extrusion and moulding, and allows polymers which are not appropriate for in situ polymerisation or intercalation of solutions to be used.Melt blending is a similar process involving the melting of polymer powder or pellets to form a viscous solution and the high shear rate combined with high temperature diffusion introduces nanofillers to this polymer solution. Compression moulding, injection moulding or fibre processing technology may produce the final form of components.¹

5. Double emulsion solvent evaporation:

In this process, two polymers selected are dispersed in the oil phase and, depending on their solubility, in the aqueous portion. Then the water is able to stir in the oil emulsion. The resulting emulsion is then taken to the aqueous phase of the external section with a stabiliser such as PVA; then the machine is stirred at room temperature to evaporate solvent. By using the solvent evaporation process, the writer prepared calcium phosphate (Cap)/poly(hydroxyl butyrate-cohydroxylvalarate) (PHBV) nanobiocomposite by stable oil in water (solid-in-oil-in-water [s/o/w]) emulsion. W/O emulsion formed by aqueous bovine serum albumin (BSA) response and natural PHBV solution in chloroform with homogenizer. Then, the aggregate was magnetically agitated to evaporate the solvent. Filtered, freeze-dried PHBV-BSA microspheres. The updated method of s/o/w emulsion solvent evaporation is used to create microspheres of BSA-loaded Ca-P/PHBV nanocomposites. Using ultrasonic and homogenization to form a s/o nanosuspension, Ca-P nanoparticles were dispersed within the PHBVchloroform reaction and dispersed well beyond the internal water phase (the aqueous BSA solution), observed by the same process for the preparation of the PHBV-BSA microsphere.

6. Electrospinning:

This process is used for nanobiocomposite fibre preparation. The equipment includes a flat tip needle, excessive voltage power, pump and collector plate delivery. Polymer mixtures are manufactured along with dimethyl formamide (DMF) and chloroform in organic solvents. It is then loaded onto the electrospun needle and the composite fibre is formed using high voltage. PLA/carbonated calcium-poor hydroxyapatite (CDHA) bionanocomposite fibres were arranged by the writer using this process. In short, PLA pellets were dissolved in chloroform; CDHA precipitate became part of the PLA technique to form aggregate followed by DMF addition for 4 hours with continuous stirring. This mixture is then loaded into the electrospun system and injected to form fibres through the needle. The fibres in the fume hood are then dried.

7. Ultrasonication:

Here, the conversion of nanosized material is due to high-frequency ultrasound waves. Polymers are typically introduced into solvent (normally ethanol) using this method, and the mixture is then ultrasonicated to achieve nanobiocomposite. It eliminates the last solvent. The frequency of irradiation, duration of irradiation, and power distribution are variables that govern the nanobiocomposite's length and morphology. Poly(ester-imide)s (PEA) ZnOnanobiocomposite by ultrasonic approach was coordinated by the creator. PEA was used as a matrix and modified ZnO nanoparticles (silane coupling agent modification, i.e. γmethacryloxypropyltri-methoxysilane) were used. The use of an ice-water ultrasonic tub is provided by PEA dispersion in ethanol. The addition of different proportions of modified ZnO nanoparticle to PEA suspension and aggregate was followed by ultrasound for 4 h. Solvent was then disposed of, and nanobiocomposite was dried.⁴

CHARACTERIZARION OF NANOCOMPOSITES:

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION:

Following techniques are used for morphological characterization:

XRD (X-ray Diffraction) Techniques:

The interpretation of XRD works on the theory of constructive X-ray (monochromatic) and crystalline sample interference. To illustrate constructive interference, Bragg's law is used. Here, the shape, crystalline, and amorphous nature of nanofillers, drugs, and polymers is determined by XRD. It is also used to determine nanofiller and polymer phase separation. Whether exfoliated or intercalated, the intercalation of layered silicate with polymer can be established.

FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy):

During infrared irradiation, each functional group displays some fixed resonance frequency used to detect the functional group. In terms of functional groups, it is used to assess nanobiocomposite shifts. During the composite preparation of various polymers, chemical changes occur and drugs can be easily identified. It also determines quality, consistency, unknown metal presence in the sample and component quantity in the mixture. The chemical composition of the intermediate and acquired particles is used to determine the chemical composition.

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy):

Here, an ultra-thin sample transmits electrons. During their transit, these electrons interact with the sample. An image is created from the electron interaction that is observed and magnified during transmission. TEM is used to define internal structure, any defects and distribution of space in various stages. It offers detailed data on nanofiller dispersion status in the polymer matrix. It is possible to describe the essence of the intercalation of layered silicate with polymer, i.e., exfoliated or intercalated.

Atomic Force Microscopy:

Images are created by measuring the physical contact of the sample with a sharp AFM tip. Three-dimensional images of a particle and a group of particles are given. Surface morphologies are calculated, such as surface roughness, surface forces and the nanoparticles' size range. Knowledge can be obtained, such as the surface's mechanical, chemical and adhesive properties.

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy):

A three-dimensional picture is created by secondary electrons and backscattered electrons when accelerated electrons are allowed to intrude on the sample. It offers data on a single polymer, drug and nanocomposite morphology. It provides data on the state of the dispersion of a polymer matrix nanofiller. Surface fracture and particle aggregation can also be readily observed in nanocomposites.

THERMAL ANALYSIS:

TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis):

It is used to calculate a sample's change in weight when changes in temperature or time occur. It is possible to compare differences in weight loss between a single polymer and a composite. This implies physical changes such as melting, which does not require weight loss, as well as chemical changes such as weight loss involving combustion. The weight of the sample is plotted against the time or temperature suggested by thermal changes in the specimen, such as solvent loss, water hydration in inorganic materials, and finally the material decomposition.

DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry):

This approach is used to detect crystallisation, exothermic and endothermic reactions in nature. In endothermic reactions, for example, a solid sample melts into a liquid; in order to increase its temperature at the same rate as the reference, it needs more heat flowing to the sample because the sample absorbs heat to transform into a liquid state, so more heat is needed to boost the sample temperature relative to the reference. The endothermic reaction that occurs during crystallisation is reversed. It provides data on pure polymer and nanocomposite thermal stability by melting point.^1,6

Magnetization:

It is primarily used in magnetic nanobiocomposite characterization. It provides information about the magnetic power of nanobiocomposite, i.e. what changes occur after composite development in the magnetic property of the material. The response of the external magnetic field to nanobiocomposites is reviewed. It also suggests that the effect of temperature on magnetic resources be addressed. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and SQUID are the techniques used. VSM operates on the induction law of Faraday, i.e., shifting magnetic discipline generates current electricity that can be calculated. Initially, the pattern is located to bring about magnetization in a consistent magnetic subject. Magnetic discipline is generated second by the magnetic dipole around the sample, then the sample is vibrated. This induces magnetic area exchange and, in turn, electric discipline modifications. It indicates substances' magnetic activity and magnetic strength.⁴

In vitro drug launch:

Different types of equipment and methods are used depending on the formula in this analysis. From Wang et al. Sodium alginate hydroxyapatite nanobiocomposite preparation. They used intelligent dissolution machines that were stirred at a temperature of 37°C±0.5°C. Release of the magnetic nanobiocomposite hydrogel drug with the pyrocatechol violet dye as a variant of the drug. Dissolution testers fitted with 6 paddles at 100rpm were used by Nanda et al. to discharge the anticancer medication paclitaxel. In a capsulated centrifuge tube, Feng et al. used 10ml phosphate buffer response for drug release from paclitaxel-loaded nanobiocomposite PLGA-MMT.^4,7

CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMERS:

Swelling index (SI):

To check the swelling strain, the SI of the polymers was measured. 10g of polymers is correctly weighed and changed to a hundred ml measuring cylinder. The initial amount of polymer involved has become generally accepted. Within the cylinder, distilled water turned into as much as a hundred ml, and an aluminium foil sealed the open give-up of the cylinder. Measuring cylinder was held aside for 24 h and swelled polymer quantity was changed into specified. The polymer SI was measured according to the following method:

SI = Hf−Hi/Hi×100

Where,

SI: Swelling index;

Hi: Initial peak of powder;

Hf: Final top of powder after 24 h.

Viscosity determination:

By taking 1g of each polymer, the polymer viscosity was measured and dispersed in 100ml of distilled water (1 percent w/v). The resulting dispersion viscosity was calculated using a viscometer (Brookfield DV-E, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Middleboro, MA, USA) using spindle 3 at 100rpm.

Foaming index:

In order to test polymer surfactant assets, the foaming index is determined. 1g of polymer was accurately measured and transferred to a 250ml measuring cylinder containing 100ml of distilled water for dispersion. The resulting dispersion was shook vigorously for 2 minutes. With the aid of the following equation, the foaming index of the polymer was calculated:

Foaming index=Hf−Hi

Where,

Hf is the peak of solution of gum after shaking and

Hi is the peak of solution of gum before shaking.^4,8

APPLICATIONS OF NANOCOMPOSITES:

Control release:

In pulsatile drug delivery devices, the nanocomposite of hydrogel with magnetic debris can be used. Remote drug launch manipulation is built through the N-isopropylacrylamide magnetic nanocomposite (NIPAAm). As a flow heating method, iron oxide is used, and NIPAAm is a hydrogel sensitive to temperature. The alternation of the high-frequency magnetic topic leads to nanocomposite heat technology that forces the hydrogel swelling transition. It was found that the launch of drugs decreases with the temperature boom. Sodium alginate/ hydroxyapatite nanobiocomposite illustrates the control of diclofenac drug release. In the manufacture of oral pharmaceutical formulations, prepared nanocomposite beads are used.

Compared to the neat sodium alginate hydrogel beads, Nanocomposite prolonged the discharge of diclofenac medication for eight h more. Monitor launch drug discovered in nanocomposite glycolic acid-g-chitosan-gold-nanoflower. The nanohybrid scaffolds were found to be stable with respect to the medium's pH. The nanohybrid scaffolds prepared are biocompatible. In the buffer response, this nanocomposite showed the price of the control drug release (pH 7.4). Gold nanoflowers are therefore the viable additive for the grafted chitosan-primarily based machine of glycolic acid for drug transport.^4,6,9

Sustained release:

As a continuous release product containing hyaluronan and methylcellulose hydrogel with PLGA nanoparticles, nanocomposites for the treatment of spinal cord injury have been prepared successfully. It was discovered that it was healthy and biocompatibleIn the intrathecal region of injured rats, it was well tolerated for 28 days and showed no effect on locomotor functions and no increase in inflammation, scarring or cavity volume relative to the control volume.^4,6,10

Anticancer:

Due to low GIT absorption and first pass effect, paclitaxel, an anticancer medicine, can not be administered orally. Using PLGA-MMT for oral delivery, paclitaxel nanocomposites were prepared. Increased GIT absorption and cell uptake by CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells has been demonstrated by PLGA-MMT nanocomposites. An initial burst release followed by a sluggish, sustained release that was not significantly impacted by the MMT portion was seen in the drug release analysis. A study showed that Celecoxib hydroxyapatitechitosan nanocomposite is an efficient and safe drug delivery method for colon cancer. Side effects exhibited by free celecoxib were found to be resolved by nanocomposite particles. Hydroxyapatitechitosan nanocomposites with celecoxib also demonstrated more potent anti-cancer activity than free celecoxib.^4,6,11

Antianemic:

An enhanced antianemic activity was shown by the ferroarabinogalactan nanocomposite prepared from iron oxide nanodispersion in the arabinogalactan matrix. Arabinogalactan is derived and has antianemic activity from Larix sibirica (Siberian larch). It was noticed that this nanocomposite produced a hemopoiesis stimulator and an iron stabilising effect due to the synergistic effect of iron nanoparticles and arabinogalactan.^4,6,12

Antibacterial and antifungal:

Magnetic nanocomposites of iron oxide and silver nanoparticles can achieve the potent and safe delivery of targeted antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Nanocomposites did not demonstrate acute cytotoxicity against embryonic fibroblasts of mice at the observed minimum inhibition concentration. The synergistic effects of the magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles and the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles have shown the potential of these nanocomposites to be used as targeted drug delivery systems in antibacterial and antifungal applications.^4,6,13

REFERENCES:

1. Pradnya Palekar – Shanbhag, Drushti Rane, Riya Chandra, Supriya Lande, Priyanka Deshmukh, Prerna Patil, Tejal Gawade; Nanocomposites: A Newer Technology in Drug Delivery Systems. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2019; 56(2): 144-154

2. Charles Chikwendu Okpala; Nanocomposites – An Overview. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development. 2013; 8(11): 17-23

3. Paravastu Venkata Kamala Kumari, Yarraguntla Shrinivasarao and Suvvariakhila; role of nanocomposites in drug delivery. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019; 8(3): 94-103

4. Darekar Avinash, Bele Mrudula, Wagh Milind, Nawale Vanashri, Saudagar Ravindranath. A review on Nanocomposite Drug Delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2019; 9(2-s): 529-536

5. Sachinjith K. R., Swathi Krishna K. R; A review on types of nanocomposites and their applications. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology. 2018; 4(6): 235-236

6. Shailesh P, Prasad J, Surendra G. Nanocomposites: A New Approach to Drug Delivery System. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2016,10 (4): S646.

7. Patwekar S. L., Jamkhande P., Gattani S. G., Payghan S. A. Nanobiocomposite: A New Approach to Drug Delivery System. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2016; 10(4): 646-656.

8. Gattani S. G., Patwekar S. L. Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement of Poorly water soluble Ketoprofen by Microwave – assisted Bionanocomposites: In vitro and In vivo study. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2016;10(4): 601-611.

9. Bergese P, Colombo I, Gervasoni D. Microwave Generated Nanocomposites for Making Insoluble Drugs Soluble.Mater Sci Eng.; 2003; 23C: 791-5.

10. Zhang J, Wang Q, Wang A. In Situ Generation of Sodium Alginate/ Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Beads as Drug Controlled Release Matrices. Acta Biomater. 2010; 6: 445-54

11. Zhang M, Ishii A, Nishiyama N. Pegylated Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites as Smart Environment Sensitive Carriers For siRNA Delivery. Adv Mater. 2009; 21: 3520-5

12. Sirousazar M, Kokabi M, Hassan Z. Dehydration Kinetics of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Hydrogels Containing Na Montmorillonite Nanoclay.; Sci Iran Found.; 2011; 18: 780-4.

13. Venkatesan P, Puvvada N, Dash R, Prashanth Kumar BN, Sarkar D, Azab B, Pathak A, Kundu SC, Fisher PB, Mandal M. The Potential of Celecoxib-Loaded Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Nanocomposite for The Treatment of Colon Cancer. Biomaterials. 2011; 32: 3794-806

Received on 29.04.2021 Modified on 31.05.2021

Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 11(3):231-237.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2021.00038