INTRODUCTION:

Moringa oleifera, which is also known as horseradish tree and in English it is called as ben tree, having small to medium-sized, evergreen or deciduous tree¹. It is the most commonly cultivated species of a monogenetic family, the Moringaceae that is native to the sub-Himalayan areas of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. This rapidly-growing tree and it was used by the early Romans, Greeks and Egyptians; and now days it is broadly cultivated in many tropical areas. Moringa is the only genus in the family Moringaceae and Moringa oleifera is the most widely studied and cultivated species². Moringa oleifera is the most well-known of the thirteen species in the variety Moringa of family Moringaceae.

These are M. oleifera, M. concanensis, M. drouhardii, M. arborea, M. borziana M. hildebrandtii, M. longituba, M. pygmaea, M. rivae, M. ruspoliana, M. ovalifolia, M. peregrine and M. stenopetala. Nature has offered a wide-ranging storehouse of remedy to cure diseases of mankind. India has a wealthy culture of medicinal herbs and spices in which about more than 2000 species included and has a massive geographical area having large potential abilities for Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha traditional medicines. Based on the reported data, we are trying to give a review on pharmacological activities for the public interest to implement in daily life³. Moringa have many potentials such as: cardiac and circulatory stimulants; antitumor; antipyretic; antiepileptic; anti-inflammatory; antiulcer; antispasmodic; diuretic antihypertensive; cholesterol lowering; antioxidant; antidiabetic; hepato- protective; antibacterial and antifungal activities. These are also being used for dealing of variety of ailments in the indigenous system of medicine. Different types of compounds, such as flavonoids, ascorbic acid, phenolics as well as carotenoids found in leaves of Moringa perform as a good source of natural antioxidant. The leaf is very nutritious and has high amounts of rough protein (20-29%), vitamins and minerals. Ethanolic extract of leaves is reported for antimicrobial activity. Juice of leaves is used for eye infections. Seeds, roots of Moringa indicate antimicrobial activity. The aqueous and alcoholic extract of Moringa root-wood lowers and inhibits the development of urinary stones. The plant is also famous for its different healing properties, like tumor healing properties, antifertility action, reducing blood pressure, antibacterial activity⁴. A significant number of primary and secondary metabolites and pharmacological exercises have been accounted for the Moringa plant. Thus, this survey contains vital and valuable data on botany, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, conventional use, nutritional value and pharmacology of this valuable plant. Each part of Moringa oleifera plant has various traditional medicinal uses⁵. Traditionally Moringa oleifera plant is used for the treatment of numerous ailments. Since ancient period of time leaves of Moringa oleifera are used as Antibacterial, Infection, and Urinary tract infection, Epstein bar virus, Herpes simplex virus, antipyretic, Hepatic, Antitumor, Headache, Antioxidant, Lactation, Antiseptic, Scurvy, and tonic⁶. Flowers of Moringa oleifera are traditionally used to cure Throat infection, Common cold, Anthelmintic, Antitumor, Rheumatism, Diuretic and Tonic. Traditional uses of Roots of Moringa oleifera are Cardiotonic, Dental caries, Common cold, Diuretic, Antispasmodic, Epilepsy, Gout, Headache, Abortifacient, and Carminative⁷. Traditional uses of Bark Moringa oleifera are Dental caries, Toothache, Common cold, Antitumor, Snakebite, Scorpion bite, Abortifacient, Birth control as well as Scurvy⁸. Pods of Moringa oleifera are beneficial for nutritional as well as it shows pharmacological properties such as, Anthelmintic, Skin cancer, Anti-hypertensive, Diabetes as well as Joint pain.

Botanical classification of Moringa oleifera^2,3,4,5,11:

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Super division: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Subclass: Dilleniidae

Order: Capparales

Family: Moringaceae

Genus: Moringa

Species: Moringa oleifera

Vernacular names^4,5,10,11:

Telugu: Mulaga, Munaga

Hindi: Saguna, Sainjna

Sanskrit: Subhanjana

Marathi: Achajhada, Shevgi

Tamil: Morigkai

Kannada: Nugge

Malayalam: Murinna, Sigru

Urdu: Sahajna

English: Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree, Ben tree

Ayurvedic: Shigru (white var.), Madhu Shigru, Sigra, Shobhaanjana, Haritashaaka. Raktaka, Murangi, Mochaka, Akshiva, Tikshnagandhaa

Arabian: Rawag

French: Moringe à graine ailée, Morungue

Spanish: Ángela, Ben, Moringa

Portuguese: Moringa, Moringueiro

Chinese: La ken

Species of Moringa^3,7:

M. amara

M. aptera

M. arabica

M. arborea

M. borziana

M. concanensis

M. domestica

M. drouhardii

M. edulis

M. erecta

M. hildebrandtii

M. longituba

M. Moringa

M. myrepsica

M. nux-eben

M. octogona

M. oleifera

M. ovalifolia

M. ovalifoliolata

M. parvifolia

M. peregrine

M. polygona

M. pterygosperma

M. pygmaea

M. rivae

M. robusta

M. ruspoliana

M. stenopetala

M. streptocarpa

M. sylvestris

M. zeylanica

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Properties:

Moringa oleifera has a wide history of its use as medicine as well as nutritional food. The plant has diversity of the phytochemicals and diversity of these phytochemicals contributes to its numerous medicinal uses. About 110 compounds were identified from the genus, in addition to these genes contains more compounds as detected by GC-MS. The brief information about phytochemicals, its morphology and uses are tabulated in table given below.

Table No.1: Morphology and phytochemistry of Moringa oleifera.

Plant part

Morphology

Chemical constituents

Medicinal uses

Leaves

Bipinnate or commonly tripinnate up to 45 cm long.

Leaflets are hairy, green and almost hairless on the upper surface.

The twigs are hairy and green, these are compound leaves with leaflets of 1 -2 cm long.

· Niazirin

· Niazirinin

· 4-[(4’-O- acetylalpha- L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate

· Niaziminin A

· Niaziminin B, three mustard oil glycosides, niaziminin, a thiocarbamate,

· 4- (alpha-1- rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzylglucosinolate, quercetin-3- O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-(6’’- Malonyl- glucoside)

· Niazimicin. Pyrrole alkaloid (pyrrolemarumine 400-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside)

· 40- hydroxyphenylethanamide( marumoside A and B)

· 4 alpha and gamma-tocopherol.

· Purgative

· Applied as poultice on sores

· Analgesic in headache

· Used for piles

· Antipyretic

· In sore throat

· In bronchitis

· In eye and ear infections

· In scurvy and catarrh

· Control glucose levels

· In glandular swellings

Seeds

Round 1cm in diameter with brownish semi – permeable seed hull with 3 papery wings hulls of seed are brown to black but can be white if kernels are of low viability.

Viable seed germinate within 2 weeks, each tree can produce around 15,000 to 25,000 seeds/year.

Average weight is 0.3 gm/seed.

· Methionine

· Cysteine

· 4-(alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzylglucosinolate

· Moringine

· Benzylglucosinolate

· Niazimicin

· Niazirin.

· Decrease liver lipid peroxides

· antihypertensive

Pods

Pods are tri – lobed capsules, it is pendulous, brown triangular, and splits into three parts lengthwise when dry 30 - 120 cm long, 1.8 cm wide fruits production mostly occurs in march and april.

Pods contain around 26 seeds during their development stage.

Immature pods are green in color they turn brown on maturity.

· Isothiocyanate

· Nitrites,

· Thiocarbamates,

· O-(1heptenyloxy) propyl undecanoate,

· O-ethyl-4-(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate,

· Methyl- p-hydroxybenzoate

· Beta- sitosterol

· Anti- Diarrhoeal

· Liver and spleen problems

· Joint pain

Bark

Whitish-gray, thick, soft, fissured and warty or corky, becoming rough.

When wounded exudes

a gum which is initially white in color but changes to reddish brown or brownish black on exposure.

· 4-(alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzylgiucosinolate

· Rubefacient,

· Vesicant

· Used to cure eye diseases

· For the treatment of delirious patients

· Prevent enlargement of the spleen and formation of tuberculous glands of the neck,

· To destroy tumors

· To heal ulcers.

· Local analgesic

Flower

Fragrant, bisexual, yellowish white flowers are hairy stalks in spreading or drooping axillary panicles 10 - 25 cm long.

Individual flowers are approximately 0.7 to 1 cm long and 2 cm broad and five unequal yellowish – white, thinly veined, spathulate petals, five stamens with five smaller sterile stamens and pistil composed of a 1-celled ovary and slender style.

· D-glucose

· Quercetin

· Isoquercetin

· Kaemopherol

· Kaempferitin

· Ascorbic acid

· Protein

· D-mannose

· Stimulant

· Aphrodisiac

· Abortifaciant

· Cholagogue

· Anti-inflammatory

· In muscle diseases, hysteria, tumors, and enlargement of the spleen

· Lower the serum cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL cholesterol to phospholipid ratio and atherogenic index;

· Decrease lipid profile of liver, heart and aorta in

Roots

Develop a swollen, tuberous, white taproot

which has a characteristic pungent odor, and very sparse

lateral roots.

· Moringine

· Moringinine

· Spirachin

· 1,3-dibenzyl urea

· Alpha- phellandrene

· p-cymene

· Deoxy-niazimicine

· 4-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzylglucosinolate

· Antilithic

· Rubefacient

· Vesicant

· Carminative

· Antifertility

· Anti-inflammatory

· Stimulant

· Cardiac/circulatory tonic, used

· Laxative

· Abortifacient

· Treating rheumatism, inflammations, articular pains, lower back or kidney pain and constipation

Fig.1. Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) Tree Flowers³²

Fig.2. Foliage of Moringa oleifera³³

Fig.3.Pods of Moringa oleifera³⁴

Dosage³⁰:

· Leaf — 10-20ml. juice. (API, Vol. III);

· Root bark — 2-5g powder;

· Stem bark — 2-5g powder;

· Seed — 5-10g powder (API, Vol. IV).

· Leaf, flower, fruit, seed, bark, root — 1-3g powder; 50-100ml decoction. (CCRAS.)

Phytochemistry of Moringa oleifera^4,5,7,20:

Moringa oleifera, a Miracle tree contains numerous phytoconstituents like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, glucosinolates, flavonoids, as well as terpenes. The variety of these phytochemicals in the genus contributes to its several pharmacological uses. Some of chemical compounds present in Moringa oleifera showed positive results when tested for various biological activities. Various phytochemicals presents in Moringa oleifera are as follows:

1) Flavanoids and Flavanol Glycosides:

Rutin

Quercetin

Isoquercetin

Astragalin

Isorhamnetin

Kaempferol

Apigenin

Luteolin

Genistein

Daidzein

Myricetin

Epicatechin

Procyanidins

Vicenin-2

Quercetin-3-O-glucoside

Quercetin-3-O-(6′′-malonyl) glucoside

Quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranoside

Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside

Kaempferol-3-O-(6′′-malonyl) glucoside

Kaempferol-3-rutinoside

Kaempherol-3-O-α-rhamnoside

Kaempferide 3-O-(2′′,3′′-diacetylglucoside)

Kaempferol-3-O-[β-glucosyl-(1→ 2)]-[αrhamnosyl-(1→6)]-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside

Kaempferide-3-O-(2′′-O-galloylrhamnosid)

Kaempferide-3-O-(2′′-O-galloylrutinoside)-7-O-α-rhamnoside

Kaempferol-3-O-[α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)]-[αrhamnosyl-(1→4)]β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside

Glucosinolate and Isothiocynate:

4-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl glucosinolate (glucomoringin)

4-[(2′-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] Glucosinolate

4-[(3′-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] Glucosinolate

4-[(4′-O-Acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl] Glucosinolate

4-[(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] Isothiocyanate

4-[(2′-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] Isothiocyanate

4-[(3′-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] Isothiocyanate

4-[(4′-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] Isothiocyanate

Benzyl glucosinolate (glucotropaeolin)

Sinalbin

4-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl-1->4-α-Lrhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl] Isothiocyanate

Phenolic Acid:

Gallic acid

Salicylic acid

Gentisic acid

Syringic acid

Ellagic acid

Ferulic acid

Caffeic acid

o-Coumaric acid

p-Coumaric acid

Sinapic acid

Chlorogenic acid

Cryptochlorogenic acid

Terpene:

All-E-lutein

All-E-luteoxanthin

13-z-Lutein

15-z-β-Carotene

All-E-Zeaxanthin

Alkaloid and Sterol:

4′-hydroxyphenylethanamide-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (marumoside A)

3′' -O-β-D-glucopyranosyl derivatives (marumoside B)

N, α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide

Pyrrolemarumine-4′′ -O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside

Aurantiamide acetate

O-Ethyl-4-[(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl] carbamate

Niazimicin

Niaziminin

β-sitosterol

N-benzyl, S-ethylthioformate

1, 3-Dibenzyl urea

Pterygospermin

β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside

Others:

Oleic acid

Arachidic acid

Linoleic acid

Stearic acid

Palmitoleic acid

Paullinic acid

Myristic acid

Palmitic acid

Behenic acid

Linolenic acid

Niazirin

Niazirinin

Niaziridin

Benzoic acid 4-O-β-glucoside

Benzoic acid 4-O-α-rhamnosyl-(1→ 2)-β-glucoside

Benzaldehyde 4-O-β-glucoside

Moringyne

α-Phellandrene

p-Cymene

Eugenol

Vanillin

Benzylamine

D-allose

Pharmacological Activities:

A miracle tree, Moringa oleifera contains lots of medicinal properties. Various parts of the plant possess variety of pharmacological activities to cure lots of ailments. Some important pharmacological activities of parts of Moringa oleifera are represented in Table No.2.

Table No.2. Pharmacological activities of parts of Moringa oleifera.^4,5,6,11,12

Parts of Plant	Pharmacological Activity
Leaves	Antiepileptic activity Anti-convulsant activity Anti-diabetic activity Cardiovascular activity/ anti- hypertensive Anthelmintic activity CNS activity Antimicrobial activities Antitumor activity Antispasmodic activity Antiulcerogenic and hepatoprotective effects Purgative Piles, fevers, sore throat, bronchitis, eye as well as ear infections, scurvy and catarrh
Roots	Anti –fertility activity Antilithic Antibacterial activity Anti-inflammatory activity Antispasmodic activity Rubefacient
Seeds	Anti-asthmatic activity Antioxidant activity Anti-inflammatory activity Antihypertensive
Barks	Anti-urolithiatic activity Rubefacient Anti-tubercular activity
Flowers	Antibacterial activity Fungicidal effects Anti-inflammatory activity Lower the serum cholesterol
Root and Bark	Postcoital antifertility
Leaves and Roots	Anti-oxidant and Radical scavenging activity
Leaves and Seeds	Hepatoprotective activity Anti–cancer activity
Root, Bark, Leaves, Flowers, Seeds, Stalks	Anti-inflammatory activity

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received on 27.04.2021 Modified on 30.07.2021

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2022; 12(1):77-83.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2022.00013