INTRODUCTION:

Medicinal plants have great importance for individual in their health. Most of the medicinal plants are used as food plants as well as a nutritional purpose⁸. Sesbania grandiflora is a plant belongs in family fabaceae and is commonly known as agate or hummingbird tree. Plant mainly seen in India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Sesbania grandiflora species mainly soft, semi or slightly woody, and the height of plant is 1-4m tall, having a red white flower with diameter up to 10cm. The quality of wood is very low. The growing rate of plant is about 3 to 4 years after planting. Sesbania grandiflora tree provides forage, firewood, pulp and paper, food, green manure and landscape decoration. The Sesbania grandiflora flower, pods as well as leaves are eaten as a vegetable in daily diet (1and 2). White flower of Sesbania grandiflora is non-toxic and purple flower is toxic³.

The all parts of plant Sesbania grandiflora contain a tannins, flavanoid, coumarone, steroids, triterpens, alkaloids, etc⁹. The flowers and leaves of the plant contain high quantity of vitamins and minerals. The plant mostly reported for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Leaves of Sesbania grandiflora issued for the remedy for thrombosis, diarrhea, and inflammatory diseases and against few important bacterial pathogens^6,7. The bark also reported for the astringent tonic, infusion for small pox and other eruptive fevers, also Used for the treatment of ulcers in the mouth and alimentary canal, diarrhea, dysentery and dyspepsia⁴. S. grandiflora leaves juice has reported for the treatment of bronchitis, cough, vomiting, wounds ulcers, diarrhea, and dysentery. The flowers of plant are used for the antimicrobial activity. The root powder of this plant are used in form of pest by mixing in water and applied externally as a poultice or rub for rheumatic swelling⁵.

Plant Profile:

Sesbania Grandiflora:

The name of plant: Sesbania grandiflora L.

Common name: Agate, hummingbird tree.

English name of the plant: Sesban, Swamp pea.

Traditional or Ayurveda name: Vakrapushpa, kumbha, Agastya.

Biological source of the plant: it contains of dry leaves of Sesbania grandiflora L. and plant belongs in family fabaceae¹⁰.

Botanical Description:

The plant having a height is about 6 to 9 meter and 0.6 meter in girth. Sesbania plant is short lived and quick growing plant. The wood of plant is soft. The leaves of plant are long about length id 15 to 30cm long. The structure of leaves is abruptly pinnate, and having about 41 to 61 leaflets: which having a structure like linear-oblong, deciduous. Plant having flowers which length is 6 to 10cm long. The petals of flower are slightly fleshy having different colors contains white, pink, and red. Fruit of plant also called pod having a length 30cm or more long in that about 15 to 50 seeds were present^1-2.

Taxonomical Description:¹¹

Kingdom: Plantae.

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta.

Division: Magnoliophyte.

Class: Magnoliopsida.

Subclass: Rosidae.

Order: Fabales.

Family: Fabaceae.

Genus: Sesbania.

Species: Sesbania grandiflora L.

Geographical Location:

The plant Sesbania grandiflora is a wild grown plant found in India in many areas like west Bengal, Assam, Karnataka and north eastern states. In other countries it is available in tropical areas like Asia and north Australia⁴.

Morphology:

The plant Sesbania grandiflora is fast growing and sparsely branched tree. Plants has different parts which has different morphological characters. Parts of plant consist of root, stem, flower, leaves, fruit and seeds (Fig A)

Leaves: The leaves of plant Sesbania grandiflora paripinnately structured having a length up to 15-25cm. About 20 to 50 leaflets present in a leaf of plant which having a dimension 12-44x5-15mm, and they are opposite arrange. Single leaflet have a length 2 to 4cm and 10-15mm breadth (Fig B and C). Stem: steam contains inner bark and outer bark. the color of bark is light gray, facture of bark is corky, deeply furrowed. The wood of plant is soft with white in color (Fig D).

Flower:

The Sesbania grandiflora flower is arise at the base of leaf. The plant flowers are fleshy with white, pink, or red color petals. The size of flower is 7.5-10.0cm long and arranged to pea flower with five petals in that the standard petal is usually upright and other wing petal spread out another sides of flower (fig E).

Fruit:

The fruit of plant also called as pods, which look like flat, along with green color. The shape of pod is sub cylindrical, straight and slightly curved. Pod size is about 30 to 45cm long and 5 to 8mm wide.

Seed:

The seeds are cylindrical or bean like elliptical having olive green or red brown color. About 6 to 8 seeds contains in one pod^12-14.

Fig A (15) Fig B (15) Fig C (15)

Fig D (15) Fig E (15)

Phytochemistry:

The sesbania grandiflora plant has a nutritive potential value in that leaves contains moisture 73.1g, minerals 3.1g, crude fibers 2.2g, carbohydrates 11.8mg, protein 8.4g, energy 93mg, calcium 1,130mg, phosphorus 80 mg, and iron 3.9mg ¹⁶. The Sesbania grandiflora plant contains many constituents like protein and amino acids: arginine, asparagines, leucocyanidin, cysteine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, and cyaniding. In Sugar derivatives the presence of galactose and rhamnose ^{17, 18}. The various parts of plant contain different chemicals alkaloids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, Saponin, tannin, chlorogenic acid, flavanoid, anthocyanin, steroidal glycosides and phenolic compounds^19-20. The root contains iosflavanoids, isovestitol, medicarpin, and sativan, betulinic acid. Seed contains active ingredient like leucocyanidin and cyaniding. The flowers part of Sesbania grandiflora plant consist of delphinidin glucosides, tannins, grandiflora, proteins, cyaniding, cysteine, isoleucine, asparagine, keampferol, phenylalanine, valine, nicotinic acid and vitamin C, oleanolic acid^21,22,
23.

Traditional Uses:

Fruits: The fruit of Sesbania grandiflora is traditionally use in colic disorder, jaundice and poisoning condition ²⁴, also effective for the astringent, laxatives, diarrhea, gastralgia, nyctalopia anemia²⁵. In sesbania plant the Bark part is used traditionally as infusion in the first stages of smallpox and other eruptive fever²⁴, as well as astringent, cooling, bitter, tonic, anthelmintic and febrifuge. The juice of bark of Sesban plant is good for dyspepsia, diarrhea and gastralgia²⁶. Root is used in catarrh by giving with honey²⁴. Leaves and flowers are used for nasal catarrh and headache by administrating in nostrils also used in epilepsy and eye diseases in elderly people²⁴. Sesbania plant leaves are acrid, bitter, sweet, cooling, aperients, tonic and diuretic. The juice of leaves was used as nasal catarrh, nyctalopia and Caphalagia. When we chewed leaves it act as disinfect for mouth and throat²⁷. The flowers of plant Sesbania grandiflora has cooling, bitter, astringent, acrid and antipyretic effects as a traditionally. When flowers juice is applied to the eyes for nyctalopia also used for intermittent fevers. Leaves and flowers show anticancer activity in ethanolic extracts²⁵.

Pharmacological Activities:

Anticancer activity:

Ethanol extract of leaves and flowers of plant sesbania grandiflora reported for anticancer activity which performed on Swiss albino mice and the dose was 100 and 200mg/kg body weight²⁸.

Hepatoprotective activity:

The ethanolic extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora reported for hepatoprotection against Erythromycin etiolates and the dose was 200mg/kg/day²⁹. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of Flowers of Sesbania grandiflora show hepatoprotective activity in ccl4 induced hepatotoxicity models in Rats. The dose required is 200mg/kg BW³⁰.

Antioxidant and cardio protective effect:

The plant Sesbania grandiflora was studied for the cardio protective activity against cigarette smoke induced oxidative damage in rats. Male wistar-kyoto rats was placed in cigarette smoke for 90 days and then treated with Sesbania grandiflora aqueous extract. The dose required is 1000mg/kg g body weight per day orally. The testing is for 3 weeks. Sesbania grandiflora plant protects the heart from the oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential^31-32.

Wound healing activity:

The plant Sesbania grandiflora studied for wound healing activity of methanol extract of bark had been estimated by using Wister albino rats wound model. The dose required for significant wound healing activity was 10% w/w. when compared to standard 1% framycetin Sulphate. In results it was confirmed that methanol extract of Sesbania grandiflora bark showed significant wound healing activity³³.

Antibacterial activity:

The plant Sesbania grandiflora shows antibacterial activity. The Aqueous, methanol and hydro-acetone extractions of leaves, stems, granules, pods of fruit and roots of the plant shows antibacterial activity by extracting of total phenols, flavonoid and tannins³⁴.

Anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activity:

The anticonvulsive activity of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora was evaluated using different animal’s models of convulsions like pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and strychnine (STR) induced seizures in mice. Benzene; ethyl acetate fraction (BE) of plant Sesbania grandiflora contained a triterpens as a major component and the mice treated with BE preferred to remain in the open arm of the elevated plus maze indicating anxiolytic activity ³⁵.

Antiulcer activity:

Sesbania grandiflora plant prevented acute gastric: injury in rats by using ethanolic extract of bark. The dose is used for activity was 36.75mg/kg (p.o).When the doses used, the animals had no depressive, excitatory or sleepiness symptoms it was suggesting that probably centrally acting components which contains in anti-ulcer action are not found in the extract. The results show that plant Sesbania grandiflora had antiulcer potential³⁶.

Anthelmintic activity:

Sesbania grandiflora plant extract was reported for anthelmintic property against the organism like Pheritima pasthuma. The seed oil used for study in that three different concentrations were used (10, 50, 100 mg/ml) which involved the determination of time paralysis and time of death of the worm³⁷.

Hypolipidemic activity:

Sesbania grandiflora plant has ability to reduce hyperlipidemia. The flavanoid content present in Sesbania grandiflora which affected on hyperlipidemia with dose 200µg/kg (p.o) in triton induced hyperlipidemic rats. The plant extract showed a significant reduce in the levels of serum cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and significant increase level of serum HDL at the given dose³⁸.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritics activity:

Sesbania grandiflora bark extract when administration at dose 300mg/kg BW p.o shows anti-inflammatory activity. Inflammation was assessed by measuring paw swelling and the arthritis was assessed by measuring primary and secondary paw swelling and changes in thymus, spleen and body weight. The plant Sesbania grandiflora modifying the inflammation due to the isolation of triterpenoidal compounds³⁹.

Antiurolithiatic activity:

Sesbania grandiflora leaf juice was evaluated for median lethal dose, antiurolithiatic and antioxidant activities. In that the antiurolithiatic activity was evaluated by a calculi-producing diet model, in rat gentamicin and 5%ammonium oxalate used for to induce calcium oxalate-type stones for evaluation of antiurolithiatic activity⁴⁰.

Analgesic activity:

The antipyretic activity of flowers of Sesbania grandiflora was reported by the three different extract that was petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol as solvent were tested on albino rats and for analgesic activity tested using Tail Flick methods. The ethyl acetate extract of flowers of Sesbania grandiflora showed better analgesic and antipyretic activities with respect to petroleum ether and ethanol extract⁴¹.

CONCLUSION:

Herbal medicines and medicinal plants are used from long time as a traditional medicine, in that Sesbania grandiflora is one of traditional medicinal plant. From the above work of review it is concluded that the all part of plant Sesbania grandiflora used as traditional medicines due to various active constituents present in parts of plant. The parts of plant reported for different activities like Analgesic activity: Antiurolithiatic, Anti-inflammatory, Hypolipidemic etc.

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Received on 24.08.2021 Modified on 19.09.2021

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2022; 12(1):20-24.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2022.00004