INTRODUCTION:

Medicinal plants are important in health care and are the primary raw materials for both traditional and mainstream medicine formulations; nonetheless, the majority of people prefer herbal remedies to conventional treatments. Because of their efficacy, the absence of contemporary medical options, the rising expense of modern drugs, and cultural preferences, they have gotten a lot of attention. Ethnobotanical studies are critical for exposing ancient eras and present culture about plants across the world, as well as preserving unique therapeutic plant knowledge.

Plant applications as food, human health care medicines, veterinary medicine, and economic importance were identified using quantitative ethnobotanical investigations^1-5.

Traditional knowledge systems have grown in relevance across the world in terms of plant resource preservation, sustainable growth, and the quest for novel use patterns. This thorough analysis covers ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological, and clinical elements of its ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological, and clinical value to numerous disorders, notably cardiovascular problems. When used with other conventional medications, this plant has a favourable safety profile. Numerous pharmacological qualities such as antioxidant, hypotensive, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, and gastro-productive action are highlighted in this review based on various investigations^5-9.

Figure 1. Plant based pharmacological activity

METHODS:

Materials:

The available information on various plants based traditionally used for pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and treatment of disorders was collected through electronic databases searches using Pub Med, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, as well as a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journal articles in this review survey.

1. Senna alexandrina (Alexandrian senna):

Senna alexandrina, popularly known as Alexandrian senna, is a Senna genus ornamental plant. It is a member of the Fabaceae family. It is indigenous to Egypt, India, Sudan, and Somalia. Antidysentery, antileukemic, antispasmodic, bitter, carminative, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, laxative, mutagenic, and peristaltic are some of the pharmacological advantages. It was traditionally used as a laxative in the form of senna pods or herbal tea derived from the leaves. It has a lot of phytochemical components in it. The anthraquinone glycosides present in senna and rhubarb, known as sennosides, are commonly used as laxatives. Sennoside A has antiviral efficacy against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties, as well as cirrhosis protection. Furthermore, through modifying gut microorganisms, sennosides are said to reduce the consequences of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Antibacterial and antifungal activity using sennoside A as encapsulated silver nanoparticles are two further possible therapeutic applications of this chemical. Sennosides are converted to rhein, an active metabolite, by intestinal bacteria^4,5,9,8.

2. Alisma plantago-aquatica:

European water-plantain, common water-plantain, or mad-dog weed are all names for Alisma plantago-aquatica. It is a member of the Alismataceae family and belongs to the Alisma genus. It's also known as mad-dog weed, and it's been used to treat rabies in the past. From Portugal and Morocco to Japan, Kamchatka, and Vietnam, it is found throughout much of Europe and Asia. Northern and central Africa, Tanzania, and Australia are also home to this species. Major some of the pharmacological advantages are antidote, opium, antipyretic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemia, hypoglycemia, hypotensive, irritant, lactagogue, lipotropic, litholytic, natriuretic, rubefacient, sterilant, stomachic, tonic, vulnerary. The stimulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor is also triggered by this plant's chemical constituent. Alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B 23-acetate are the main chemical components. Alisol A 24-acetate, a triterpene derived from Alismatis rhizome, possesses hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties. Alisol B 23-acetate, Alisol A 24-acetate, and Alisol B, which is the most powerful natural component in Rhizomaalismatis, have recently been found as new inducers of autophagy (RA). The autophagy-mediated inhibitory effects of RA on OP9 cells are mediated by a decrease in the expression of autophagy-related proteins, such as Beclin-1^9-11.

3. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. (T. arjuna):

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. (T. arjuna) is one of the most accepted and beneficial medicinal plants in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various critical diseases. Terminalia arjuna, sometimes known as arjuna, is a member of the Combretaceae family. Its bark decoction is used for anginal discomfort, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidaemia on the Indian subcontinent, based on centuries of observations by ancient physicians. Arjuna's potential for treating a variety of cardiovascular illnesses needs to be investigated further. It is belonging to genus Terminalia. The major pharmacological activities are analgesic, antiaggregant, antidote, antiischemic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bradycardic, cardioprotective, deobstruent, diuretic, expectorant, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypertensive, hypotensive, laxative, litholytic, positive inotropic, prostaglandigenic, sedative, tonic. T. arjuna's principal ingredients in stem bark, root bark, fruits, leaves, and seeds have all been identified. The main ingredients of T. arjuna include polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins, sterols, and minerals. T. arjuna also contains tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, and cysteine, among other amino acids^11-14.

The major phytochemical constituents are found in different part of arjuna

Stem bark:

1. Triterpenoids:

Arjunin, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid, Terminoltin, Arjunolic acid.

2. Ursane triterpenoids:

2α,3β-dihydroyurs-12,18-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyurs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-β-glucopyranosyl ester, Qudranoside VIII, Kajiichigoside F1, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyurs-23-trihydroxyurs-12,19-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester

3. Glycosides:

Arjunetin, Arjunoside I, II, Arjunolone, Arjunolitin, Arjunaphthanoloside, Arjunglucoside IV and V, Arjunasides A-E, Olean-3β, 22β-diol-12-en-28 β-D-glucopyranosie-oic acid, Terminarjunoside I and II, Terminoside A, Termionic acid

4. Flavonoids and phenolics:

Arjunone, Luteolin, Baicalein, Ethyl gallate, Gallic acid, Kempferol, Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, Pelargonidin, Quercetin, (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin, Gallic acid, ellagic acid and its derivatives such as 3-O-methyl-ellagic acid 4-O-β-d-xylopyranoside, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 3-O-rhamnoside, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 4′-O-α-l-rhamnophranoside (−)-epicatechin

5. Tannins:

Pyrocatechols, Punicallin, Castalagin, Casuariin, Casuarinin, Punicalagin, Terchebulin, Terflavin C

6. Minerals and trace elements:

Calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, silica

7. Other compounds:

β-Sitosterol

Roots:

1. Triterpenoids:

Arjunoside I-IV, Arjunolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Terminic acid, 2α,19α-Dihydroxy-3Oxo-Olean-12-En28-Olic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Arjunic acid

2. Glycosides:

Arjunetosie (3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2α, 3β, 19α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside)

Fruits:

3. Triterpenoids and flavonoids:

Arjunic acid, Arjunone, Arachidic stearate, Cerasidin, Ellagic acid, Fridelin, Gallic acid, Hentriacontane, Methyl oleaolate, Myristyl oleate, β-Sitisterol

Leaves and seeds:

Flavonoids and glycosides:

Luteolin, 14,16-dianhydrogitoxigenin 3-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 > 2)-O-β-d-galactopyranoside

4. Artichoke thistle (Cynara cardunculusl. Subsp. Cardunculus) Cynara scolymus L.:

Cynara cardunculus (artichoke thistle, cardoon) is a big perennial plant endemic to the Mediterranean region of Europe. It grows quickly and has deep roots, forming huge rosettes with a diameter of 1 m or more. It has spread over Australia, California, and portions of South America, where it has established itself as an aggressive weed capable of creating thick, huge monospecific stands that obliterate all other plant species. It is belonging to the family of Asteraceae and Genus Cynara. It has various pharmacological activities antiaggregant, antiatherosclerotic, antiemetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperitif, aphrodisiac, bitter, carminative, cholagogue, cholekinetic, choleretic, deodorant, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hepatoprotective, hepatotonic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, laxative, lipolytic, nephrotonic, tonic, uricosuric. The seeds of the Cynara cardunculus are used to obtain artichoke oil (cardoon). Its chemical makeup is comparable to that of safflower and sunflower oil^11-19.

5. Ashwagandha (Withaniasomnifera (l.) Dunal) Physalis somnifera L.:

Withaniasomnifera, also known as ashwagandha, Indian ginseng and winter cherry, is a Solanaceae (nightshade) family and genus Withania annual evergreen shrub that grows in India, the Middle East, and portions of Africa. it has been an important herb in the Ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems for over 3 centuries. Several additional species in the Withania genus have morphologically similar appearances. Even though it is used as a medicinal herb in Ayurveda and is offered as a dietary supplement in many countries, there is inadequate scientific data to suggest that it is safe or helpful for treating any ailment. As a plant parts are using Whole plant, roots, leaves, stem, green berries, fruits, seeds, bark for their pharmacological activities such as abortifacient, adaptogen, alterative, amebicide, anabolic, analgesic, antiaging, antianemic, antiarthritic, antibacterial, antiedemic, antiendotoxin, antiepileptic, antifertility, antiherpetic, anti-inflammatory, antimitotic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antipyretic, antisarcomic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antistress, antitumor, antiulcer, antiviral, aphrodisiac, bradycardic, cerebrotonic, chemopreventive, CNS-depressant, contraceptive, cytotoxic, deobstruent, diuretic, ecbolic, emmenagogue, fungicide, gaba-nergic, hemopoietic, hepatoprotective, hypnotic, hypotensive, immunodepressant, immunomodulator, immunostimulant, insecticide, interferonogenic, lactagogue, memorigenic, narcotic, nervine, pain, pediculicide, phagocytotic, poison, proteolytic, respirastimulant, sedative, staminagenic, tonic, tranquilizer, vermifuge. Withanolides, which are triterpene lactones, withaferin A, alkaloids, steroidal lactones, tropine, and cuscohygrine are the primary phytochemical ingredients. There have been 40 withanolides, 12 alkaloids, and several sitoindosides discovered. Because withanolides are structurally similar to the ginsenosides found in Panax ginseng, W. somnifera is known as Indian ginseng^18,20-22.

Researchers are always interested in the chemical components of WS.

1. Alkaloids:

Ashwagandhine, cuscohygrine, anahygrine, tropine

2. Steroidal compounds:

Ergostane type steroidallactones, withaferin A, withanolides A-y, withasomniferin-A, withasomidienone, withasomniferols A-C, withanone

3. Saponins:

With an extra acyl group (sitoindoside VII and VIII) and withanolides with a glucose at carbon 27 (sitoindoside IX and X) are further ingredients.

4. Other components:

The plant also contains withaniol, acylsteryl glucosides, starch, reducing sugar, hantreacotane, ducitol, a variety of amino acids such as aspartic acid, proline, tyrosine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, cystine, tryptophan, and a significant level of iron.

One of the primary withanolidal active principles identified from the plant is withaferin A, which is chemically described as 4b,27-dihydroxy-5b-6b-epoxy-1-oxowitha-2, 24-dienolide.

WS displayed chemogenetic diversity, with three chemotypes I, II, and III identified thus far.

Anaferine (bis (2-piperidylmethyl) ketone); isopelletierine; tropine; pseudotropine; 3tigloyloxtropine; 3- tropyltigloate; cuscohygrine; dlisopelletierine; anahygrine; hygrine; mesoanaferine; visamine; withasomnine, a pyrazole derivative from West Germany; pseudowithanine; Withaniol (a combination of withanolides) and a variety of withanolides, including withaferine-A, withanolide N and O, withanolide D, withanolide p, withanolide Q and R, withanolide y, 14hydroxy steroids, and withanolides G, H, I, J, K, and U. Withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII are seven novel withanolide glycosides that have been isolated and identified. The two primary withanolides, withaferin A and withanolide D, are thought to be responsible for much of the pharmacological action of WS.

6. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis l.):

It is belonging to the family of Asparagaceae and Genus Asparagus. At present day, asparagus is grown in more than 60 nations throughout the world, including the United States, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Germany, and other Western industrialized countries. Asparagus production, scientific study, and development have now spread from developed to developing countries, with China emerging as a significant destination.It has various pharmacological activities antiaging, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antileukemic, antioxidant, antirheumatic, antiviral, bitter, cardio sedative, cardiotonic, contraceptive, demulcent, depurative, detoxicant, diuretic, DNA-sparing, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, immunostimulant, laxative, litholytic, nematicide, sedative, spermicide.Asparagus is heavy in protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals, with a content five times that of other common vegetables. Polyphenols, saponins, dietary fibres (non-starch polysaccharides), and anthocyanins, among other bioactive components found in asparagus, have recently gotten a lot of attention^23,24.

7. Avocado (Persea americana mill.):

It is belonging to the family of Lauraceae and Genus Persea. It has various pharmacological activities abortifacient, antiaging, antibacterial, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, contraceptive, COX-2-inhibitor, deobstruent, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, expectorant, hematonic, hepatoprotective, hypertensive, hypocholesterolaemia, hypotensive, hypotriglyceridemic, lactifuge, laxative, litholytic, parasiticide, piscicide, poison, rodenticide, rubefacient, stomachic, uricosuric, uterotonic, vermifuge^25-26.

8. Bai zhu, atractylodes (Atractylodes macrocephalakoidz.):

It is belonging to the family of Asteraceae and Genus Atractylodes. It has various pharmacological activitiesanhidrotic, antiaggregant, anticancer, anticholinergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioactive, diuretic, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, laxative, leukocytogenic, phagocytotic, sedative, stomachic, tonic, uterorelaxant²⁷.

9. Beet (Beta vulgaris l.):

It is belonging to the family of Amaranthaceae and Genus Beta. It has various pharmacological activities anorectic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, antitumor, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, expectorant, hepatoprotective, myotonic, tonic²⁸.

10. Black bean, green bean, etc. (Phaseolus vulgaris l.):

It is belonging to the family of Fabaceae and Genus Phaseolus. It has various pharmacological activitiesantiaggregant, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, anticancer, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antileukemic, antilymphomic, antimelanomic, antiprostatitic, antipyretic, antiviral, apoptotic, cardioprotective, carminative, chemopreventive, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, estrogenic, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, lipolytic, lipotropic, mutagenic, resolvent²⁹.

11. Black cumin (Nigella sativa l.):

It is belonging to the family of Ranunculaceae and Genus Nigella. It has various pharmacological activitieschemopreventive, choleretic, cholicomimetic, cns-depressant, contraceptive, cyclooxygenase-inhibitor, digestive, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, hypouricemic, immunostimulant, insecticide, insectifuge, lactagogue, laxative, 5-lipoxygenase-inhibitor, pediculicide, phagocytotic, protisticide, respirastimulant, secretagogue, stimulant, stomachic taenicide, tonic, toxic, uterocontractant, vermifuge³⁰.

12. Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata l.):

It is belonging to the family of Menyanthaceae and Genus Menyanthes. It has various pharmacological activitiesanabolic, antiedemic, antihemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, antileukotriene, antimelanomic, antiprostaglandin, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aperitif, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, choleretic, deobstruent depurative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, gastrostimulant, hemolytic, hepatoprotective, hypnotic, hypoglycemic, intoxicant, laxative, narcotic, nervine, sedative, sialagogue, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge³¹.

13. Boldo (Peumusboldusmolina):

It is belonging to the family of Monimiaceae and Genus Peumus. It has various pharmacological activitiesanalgesic, anticholinergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aperitif, carcinogenic, carminative, cholagogue, cholekinetic, choleretic, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, gastrostimulant, hepatoprotective, hepatotonic, hypnotic, laxative, myorelaxant, narcotic, nervine, poison, secretagogue, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, urinary antiseptic, vermicide, vermifuge^32-33.

14. Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum l.):

It is belonging to the family of Asteraceae and Genus Eupatorium. It has various pharmacological activitiesantibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antitumor, antitussive, antiviral, aperient, astringent, bitter, choleretic, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hemostat, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, laxative, nervine, peristaltic, phagocytotic, stimulant, tonic³⁴.

15. L. lagenaria (L.) Cockerell, L. LeucanthaRusby, L. vulgaris Ser.

It is belonging to the family of Cucurbitaceae and Genus Lagenaria. It has various pharmacological activitiesanalgesic, antibilious, antidote, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antitussive, antiulcer, bitter, cardiotonic, cerebrotonic, cholinergic, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, hemostat, hepatoprotective, laxative, litholytic, pectoral taenicide, tonic, vermifuge, vulnerary^35-36.

16. Brazil nut (Bertholletiaxcelsabonpl.)

It is belonging to the family of Lecythidaceae and Genus Bertholletia. It has various pharmacological activities analgesic, antiaggregant, anticancer, antioxidant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant³⁷.

17. Bupleuri Radix (Bupleurum chinense dc. Or b. Falcatum l.)

It is belonging to the family of Apiaceae and Genus Bupleurum. It has various pharmacological activities adrenergic, analgesic, antiadhesive, antiaggregant, antidepressant, antiedemic, anti-fibrositic, antihepatosis, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anti-nephrotic, anti-prostaglandin, antipyretic, anti-thromboxane, antitoxic, antitumor, antitussive, antiulcer, antiviral, apoptotic, bitter, CAMP-phosphodiesterase-inhibitor, cardioprotective, choleretic, CNS-depressant, corticosteronigenic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, gastroprotective, hemolytic, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hepatotonic,hyperglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, interleukinogenic, laxative, mitogenic, nephroprotective, phagocytotic, sedative, tyrosinase-inhibitor³⁸.

18. Camu-camu (Myrciariadubia (kunth) mcvaugh, M. paraensis O. Berg, Psidium dubium Kunth)

It is belonging to the family of Myrtaceae and Genus Myrciaria. It has various pharmacological activities acidulant, aldose-reductase-inhibitor, analgesic, anti-aggregant, anti-aging, anti-arthritic, anti-asthmatic, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, anticataract, anti-crohn’s, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antidote (aluminum, cadmium, lead, paraquat), antieczemic, antiedemic, antihepatitic, antiherpetic, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antinitrosic antioxidant, antipyretic, antiradicular, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antitumor, lung, antiulcer, antiviral, apoptotic, chemopreventive, collagenic, detoxicant, diuretic, beta-glucuronidase-inhibitor, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, inteferonigenic, lithogenic, mucolytic, uricosuric, urinary-acidulant, vulnerary^39-40.

19. Carrot (Daucus carota l. Subsp. Sativus (hoffm.) Arcang.)

It is belonging to the family of Apiaceae and Genus Daucus. It has various pharmacological activities abortifacient, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antifertility, antiimplantation, antilactagogue, antilithic, antinitrosaminic, antioxidant, antiproliferant, antipyretic, antiseptic, aperitif, aphrodisiac, aromatic, astringent, cardioactive, carminative, chemopreventive, contraceptive, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, hypouricemic, maoi, memorigenic, NKC-booster, myorelaxant, ophthalmic, stimulant, tonic, uterocontractant, vasodilator, vermifuge^38-41.

20. Castor bean or castor oil plant (Ricinus communis l.)

It is belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae and Genus Ricinus. It has various pharmacological activities analgesic, antiabsorptive, antibacterial, anticholestatic, antidiabetic, antidote, anti-HIV,antilactagogue, antileukemic, antiseptic, antitumor, antitussive, antiviral, aperient, candidicide, contraceptive, cyanogenic, diaphoretic, discutient, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, emollient, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, immunostimulant, insecticide, lactagogue, larvicide, laxative, lymphocytogenic, parturient peristaltic, piscicide (poison), pyrogenic, secretagogue, secretomotor, spermicide, tonic⁴¹.

21. Celandines (Chelidonium majus l.)

It is belonging to the family of Papaveraceae and Genus Chelidonium. It has various pharmacological activities abortifacient, alterative, analgesic, anthelminthic, antiaggregant, antianaphylactic, antibacterial, anticancer, antiherpetic, anti-inflammatory, antileukotriene, antimutagenic, antisarcomic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antithromboxane, antitussive, antitumor, antiviral, aphrodisiac, candidicide, cholagogue, cholekinetic, choleretic, CNS-depressant, collyrium, cytotoxic, deobstruent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, keratopreventive, laxative, 5-lipoxygenase-inhibitor, 12-lipoxygenase-inhibitor, myocontractant,myorelaxant, protisticide, sedative, trichomonicide, uterocontractant, vulnerary⁴³.

22. Celery (Apium graveolens l.):

It is belonging to the family of Apiaceae and Genus Apium. It has various pharmacological activities abortifacient, analgesic, anthelminthic, antiaggregant, antialzheimeran, antiarthritic, antibacterial, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antiedemic, antiepileptic, antigalactic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperitif, aphrodisiac, astringent, cancer, carminative, cercaricide, choleretic, depurative, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, lipolytic, nervine, neurotonic, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, tranquilizer, urinary antiseptic, terotonic⁴⁴.

23. Chicory (Cichorium intybus l.):

It is belonging to the family of Asteraceae and Genus Cichorium. It has various pharmacological activities antibacterial, antibilious, antiexudative, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antispermatogenic, aperitif, bifidogenic, bitter, bradycardic, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic, carminative, cholagogue, choleretic, demulcent, depurative, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, laxative, negative chronotropic, negative inotropic, nervine, peristaltic, prebiotic, sedative, stomachic, tonic⁴⁵.

24. Chinese Peony (Paeonia lactiflora pall.):

It is belonging to the family of Paeoniaceae and Genus Paeonia. It has various pharmacological activities analgesic, antiaging (antiaggregant, antiallergic, antianaphylactic, antiatherogenic, antibacterial, anticholinergic, anticonvulsant, antidiaphoretic, antiedemic, antifatigue, antiherpetic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiradicular, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antistress, antitestosterone, antitumor, antiulcer, antiviral, astringent, bitter, cardioprotective, cns depressant, fibrinolytic, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, immunostimulant, memorigenic, myorelaxant, phagocytotic, tonic, sedative, uterocontractant, vasodilator⁴⁶.

25. Rainbow pink or China pink (Dianthus chinensis l.):

It is belonging to the family of Caryophyllaceae and Genus Dianthus. It has various pharmacological activities abortifacient, analgesic, anthelminthic, antifertility, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antiribosomal, antiviral, astringent, circulotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, ecbolic, emmenagogue, hemostat, hepatoprotective, propecic, resolvent, vulnerary⁴⁷.

26. Swertia chirayita (roxb. Ex fleming) h. Karst.):

It is belonging to the family of Gentianaceae and Genus Swertia. It has various pharmacological activities alterative, anthelminthic, anticholinergic, antiedemic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antipyretic, antitubercular, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, choleretic, CNS-depressant, emollient, hepatoprotective, hypnotic, hypoglycemic, laxative, secretagogue, stomachic, tonic, uterosedative, vermifuge⁴⁶.

27. Bonnet bellflower Codonopsisbhutanica (Codonopsis spp.):

It is belonging to the family of Campanulaceae and Genus Codonopsis. It has various pharmacological activities adrenolytic, antiaging, antihistaminic, aphrodisiac, cns-stimulant, digestive, hemopoietic, hepatoprotective, hyperglycemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, leukocytogenic, phagocytotic, splenotonic, tonic⁴⁴.

28. Arabian Coffee (Coffea arabica l.)

It is belonging to the family of Rubiaceae and Genus Coffee. It has various pharmacological activitiesabsorbent, analeptic, analgesic, anaphrodisiac, anorectic, antidotal, antiaggregant, antiallergic, antiarrhythmic, anticapillary, fragility, antidote, atropine, antidote, opium, antiemetic, antiherpetic, anti-inflammatory, antinarcotic, antioxidant, antiseptic, antitussive, antiviral, astringent, bronchodilator, bronchorelaxant, carcinogenic, cardiotonic, catabolic, catecholaminogenic, cerebrotonic, chronotropic, CNS-stimulant, counterirritant, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, gastrostimulant, hepatoprotective, hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive, hypnotic, hypotensive, lactagogue, masticatory, mutagenic, myocardiocontractant, myorelaxant, natriuretic, nervine, peristaltic, phosphodiesterase-inhibitor, positive chronotropic, positive inotropic, stimulant, teratogenic, vasodilator, water retention⁴⁶.

29. Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis l.)

It is belonging to the family of Fabaceae and Genus Senna. It has various pharmacological activitiesabortifacient, analgesic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antidiuretic, antiedemic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cardiotoxic, cholagogue, cicatrizant, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, fungicide, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, laxative, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge⁴⁷.

30. Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis (l.) Schrad.)

It is belonging to the family of Cucurbitaceae and Genus Citrullus. It has various pharmacological activitiesabortifacient, acaricide, alterative, anthelminthic, antiaggregant, antibacterial, anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antipyretic, bitter, cardiodepressant, carminative, depurative, diuretic, ecbolic, emetic, emmenagogue wbb); expectorant, hepatoprotective, herbicide, hydragogue, hypoglycemic, insecticide, irritant, laxative, mucoirritant, negative chronotropic, negative inotropic, nematicide, poison protisticide, repellant, uterorelaxant, vermifuge⁴⁸.

31. Creat or green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata (burm. F.) Wall. Ex nees.)

It is belonging to the family of Acanthaceae and Genus Andrographis. It has various pharmacological activitiesabortifacient, adaptogen, adrenocortical stimulant, alterative, analgesic, anthelmintic, antiaggregant, antiandrogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antibacterial, anti-HIV, antifertility, anti-inflammatory,antiischemic, antileukemic, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiradicular, antiseptic, anti-serotonin, anti-spermatogenic, antityphoid, antiulcer, bitter cholagogue, choleretic, contraceptive, depurative, fibrinolytic, fungicide, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, phagocytotic, stomachic, tonic^47-49.

32. Freshcut (Justicia pectoralis jacq.)

It is belonging to the family of Acanthaceae and Genus Justicia. It has various pharmacological activitiesabortifacient, antiaggregant, antibacterial, antiedemic, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, antilymphedemic, antimelanomic,antimetastatic, antimitotic, antimononuccleotic, antimutagenic, antimycoplasmotic, antipsittacotic, antipsoriac, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aphrodisiac, candidicide, choleretic, diaphoretic, digestive, emetic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, expectorant, fungicide, hallucinogen, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, narcotic, pectoral, resolvent, sedative, vulnerary⁴⁸.

33. Angelica sinensis (oliv.) Diels

It is belonging to the family of Apiaceae and Genus Angelica. It has various pharmacological activitiesalterative, analgesic, antiallergic, antiaggregant, antianemic, antiarrhythmic, antiasthmatic, antiatherosclerotic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiaggregant, antiproliferative, antiseptic, antiserotonin, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, bitter, circulostimulantCNS-depressant, CNS-stimulant, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, estrogenic female tonic, hemopoietic, hepatoprotective, hepatotonic, hypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, immunodepressant, immunomodulator, immunostimulant, laxative, leukocytogenic, myorelaxant, myostimulant, phagocytotic, radioprotective, sedative tonic, tranquilizer, uterocontractant, uterorelaxant, vasodilator⁵⁵.

34. Du Zhong (Eucommia ulmoidesoliv.):

It is belonging to the family of Eucommiaceae and Genus Eucommia. It has various pharmacological activitiesα-glucosidase inhibitor, analgesic, antiabortive, antiaging, antibacterial, anticlastogenic, anticomplementary, antiherpetic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiperoxidant, antiperspirant, antiradicular, antitumor, antiviral, aphrodisiac, astringent, candidicide, collagenic, cytotoxic, depurative, diuretic, fungicide, granulomagenic, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, respirastimulant, roborant, sedative, tonic, vulnerary⁵¹.

35. False daisy, Guntakalagaraku/Guntagalagaraku, Karisalankanni, and bhringr (Ecliptaprostrata (l.) L.):

It is belonging to the family of Asteraceae and Genus Eclipta. It has various pharmacological activitiesalexeteric, alterative, analgesic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, astringent, bitter, candidicide, cardiotonic, deobstruent, depurative, emetic, expectorant, hepatoprotective, hepatotonic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, laxative, lipogenic, lipoxygenase inhibitor, philtre, propecic, stomachic, tonic, vermicide⁵².

36. Kadsura vine or simply kadsura (Kadsura japonica):

It is belonging to the family of Schisandraceaeand Genus Cynara. It has various pharmacological activities analgesic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, hepatoprotective⁵⁴.

37. Chinese chaste tree, five-leaved chaste tree (Vitex negundo):

It is belonging to the family of Lamiaceaeand Genus Vitex. It has various pharmacological activities alterative, analgesic, antiandrogenic, antibacterial, antiedemic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, bronchodilator, carminative, CNS-depressant, demulcent, detoxicant, diaphoretic, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hepatoprotective, insecticide, lactagogue, larvicide, nervine, sedative, tonic, tranquilizer, vermifuge, vulnerary⁴⁷.

38. Weeping forsythia or golden-bell (Forsythia suspensa):

It is belonging to the family of Oleaceae and Genus Forsythia. It has various pharmacological activitiesanalgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, antinauseant, antioxidant, antipyretic, antitussive, antiseptic, antiviral, bitter, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, laxative, tonic uterotonic⁴⁸.

39. Fo-ti (polygonum multiflorumthunb.):

It is belonging to the family of Polygonaceae and Genus polygonum. It has various pharmacological activitiesantiaging, antiatherosclerotic, antibacterial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiplaque, antiprogestational, antipyretic, antitumor, antiviral, aphrodisiac, bitter cardioprotective, deobstruent, detoxicant, dopaminergic, hemopoietic, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hepatotonic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotriglyceridemic, immunodepressant, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, nephrotonic, nervine propecic sedative, sod-genic, splenotonic, thymoprotective, tonic vasodilator⁴⁹.

40. Gambir, pale catechu (Uncariagambir (w. Hunter) roxb.):

It is belonging to the family of Rubiaceae and Genus Uncaria. It has various pharmacological activitiesalgicide, antibacterial, antiplaque, antispasmodic, astringent, hepatoprotective, masticatory⁵⁰.

41. Garlic (allium sativum l.):

It is belonging to the family of Amaryllidaceae and Genus Allium. It has various pharmacological activitiesacarifuge, alexeteric, alterative, amebicide, analgesic, androgenic, antiaflatoxin, antiaggregant, antiallergic, antiandrogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antiarthritic, antiatherogenic, antibacterial, anticancer, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, antidote, antifertility, antigiardial, anti-inflammatory, antiintegrase, antioxidant, antimycotic, antioxidant, antiprostaglandin, antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic antispasmodic, antistress, antithrombic, antithyroid, antitumor, antiulcer, antiviral, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, carminative, choleretic, decongestant, detoxicant, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, edemagenic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, expectorant fibrinolytic fungicide gastrotonic, glutathionigenic, hepatoprotective, hyperglycemic, hypocholesterolemichypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypoperistaltic, hypotensive, hypotriglyceridemic hypouricemic, immunostimulant, insectifuge, insulin-sparing, interleukenogenic, larvicide, lipolytic lymphocytogenic, myocontractant, myorelaxant, nervine, NKC-enhancer, NO-genic, orexigenic, ovicide, oxytocic, parasiticide, phagocytotic, protisticide, rubefacient, sedative, spermicide, tick, tonic, vasodilator, vermifuge, vulnerary⁵¹.

42. Ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe):

It is belonging to the family of Zingiberaceae and Genus Zingiber. It has various pharmacological activitiesanalgesic, antiaggregant, antialcoholic, antiallergic, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, anticathartic, anticholinergic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antidote, araceae, antidote, mushroom, antidote, seafood poisoning, antiedemic, antiemetic, antiemmenagogue, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory, antileukotriene, antilipidemic, antimutagenic, antinarcotic, antinauseant, antioxidant, antiprostaglandin, antipyretic, antirhinoviral, antisecretory, antiseptic, antiserotoninergic, antispasmodic, antithrombic, antithromboxane, antitussive, antiulcer, antiviral, anxiolytic, aperitif, aphrodisiac, arrhythmigenic, astringent, candidicide, cardiotonic, carminative, cholagogue, choleretic, circulostimulant, CNS depressant, COX-2 inhibitor, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diaphoretic, decongestant detoxicant, digestive, emmenagogue expectorant, fungicide, gastroirritant, gastroprotective, gastrotonic, hepatoprotective, hypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, lactagogue, lipolytic, lipoxygenase inhibitor, molluscicide, mutagenic, myorelaxant nematicide, ovicide, parasiticide, peristaltic positive inotropic pressor, proteolytic, respirastimulant, schistosomicide, secretagogue, sialagogue, sternutator, stimulant, stomachic, syncope, thermogenic, thrombosis, thromboxane-synthetase inhibitor, tonic, vasomotor stimulant, vermifuge⁵².

43. Ginseng, oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng c.a. Mey.):

It is belonging to the family of Araliaceae and Genus Panax. It has various pharmacological activitiesadaptogen, adrenergic, alterative, analgesic, antiaging, antiaggregant, antialcoholic, antiarrhythmic, anticancer, anticatecholamine, anticholinergic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antidiuretic, antifatigue, antihepatomic, anti-inflammatory, antiischemic, antimitogenic, antioxidant, antiprolactin, antiprostatic, antipsychotic, antiradiation, antiseptic, antithromboxane, antitumor, antiulcer, antiwrinkle, antiviral, anxiolytic, aperitif, aphrodisiac, apoptotic, bitter, cardiotonic, carminative, caspase stimulator, chemopreventive, circulostimulant, CNS sedative, CNS stimulant, corticotrophinogenic, cytotoxic, demulcent, diuretic, elevates HDL-cholesterol, emetic, energizer, estrogenic, ethanolytic, expectorant, fatigue, gonadotropic, hemopoietic, hepatoprotective, hepatotonic, hyperglycemic, hypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotriglyceridemic, immunostimulant, interferonigenic, memorigenic, mineralcorticoid, mitogenic, negative chronotropic, negative inotropic, nervine, neurotonic, nicotinic, NKC-genic, NO-genic, nootropic, osteoprotective, phagocytotic, positive inotropic, radioprotective, respirastimulant, roborant, secretagogue, sedative, serotonilytic, sialagogue, spermatogenic, stimulant, stomachic, testosteronigenic, thymoleptic, tonic, tranquilizer, ulcerogenic, vasodilator⁵³.

44. Glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum w. T. Aiton):

It is belonging to the family of Oleaceae and Genus Ligustrum. It has various pharmacological activitiesanalgesic, antiallergic, antibacterial, anticariogenic, antiedemic, antigingivitic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiseptic, antitumor, antiulcer, antiviral, cardiotonic, COX-2 inhibitor, diaphoretic, diuretic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipemic, immunomodulator, pectoral, phagocytotic, radioprotective, tonic, uterotonic, vulnerary⁵⁴.

45. Goat’s rue (Galega officinalis l.):

It is belonging to the family of Fabaceae and Genus Galega. It has various pharmacological activitiesalterative, antiaggregant, antidiabetic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, lactagogue, sedative, vermifuge⁵⁵.

46. Grape (Vitis vinifera l.):

It is belonging to the family of Vitaceae and Genus Vitis. It has various pharmacological activitiesanalgesic, antiaggregant, antiallergic, antialopecic, antialzheimeran, antianaphylactic, antiarthritic, antiasthmatic, antiatherosclerotic, antibacterial, anticancer, anticapillary fragility, anticariogenic, antiedemic, antierythemic, antihistaminic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiprostaglandin, antiseptic, antitumor, antiulcer, antiviral, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardioprotective, collagen protective, COX-1 inhibitor, COX-2 inhibitor, demulcent, depurative,diuretic,expectorant, fungicide,hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulant, laxative, litholytic, propecic, radioprotective, stomachic, tonic, sunscreen, vasoprotective, antiaggregant, antiallergic, antialzheimeran, antianaphylactic, antiarthritic, antiasthmatic, antiatherogenic, antibacterial, anticancer, anticapillary fragility, anticariogenic, antiedemic, antierythemic, antihistaminic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiprostaglandin, antiseptic, antiulcer, antiviral, cardioprotective, collagen protective, COX-1 inhibitor, COX-2 inhibitor, fungicide, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulant, sunscreen, vasoprotective^55-60.

47. Green or black tea (Camellia sinensis (l.) Kuntze):

It is belonging to the family of Theaceae and Genus Camellia. It has various pharmacological activitiesACE inhibitor, amebicide, analgesic, antiadenosine, antiaggregant, antialzheimeran, antiarthritic, antiatherosclerotic, antibacterial, antibradykinin, anticancer, anticapillary fragility, anticariogenic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antileukemic, antimutagenic, antinitrosaminic, antioxidant, antiprostaglandin, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antithiamin, antiviral, apoptotic, astringent, bronchodilator, cardiotonic, catabolic, chemopreventive, CNS stimulant, decongestant, detoxicant, diuretic, glycolytic, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, hypotriglyceridemic, immunostimulant, lipolytic, myorelaxant, neurotonic, positive inotropic, radioprotective, respirastimulant, secretagogue, thermogenic⁵⁵.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

The extensive survey of literature revealed that the medicinal plants are an important source of many pharmacologically and medicinally important chemicals, such as polyphenols, saponosides and various useful alkaloids, saponin, polyphenols and other major phytochemical constituents. In summary, the alkaloids have been reported for major biological activities and polyphenols are still major good source for dietary supplementary. The plants has also been widely studied for their various pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anxiolytic, adaptogen, memory enhancing, antiparkinsonian, antivenom, anti-inflammatory, antitumor properties. Various other effects like immunomodulation, hypolipidemic, antibacterial, cardiovascular protection, sexual behaviour, tolerance and dependence have also been studied. Although the results from this review are quite promising for the use of these plants as a multi-purpose medicinal agent, several limitations currently exist in the current literature. While these plants have been used successfully in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, more clinical trials should be conducted to support its therapeutic use. It is also important to recognize that the plants extracts may be effective not only on isolation, but may actually have a modulating effect when given in combination with other herbs or drugs.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The author has no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The author would like to thank NCBI, PubMed and Web of Science for the free database services for their kind support during this study.

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Received on 17.02.2022 Modified on 22.03.2022

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2022; 12(4):349-360.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2022.00055