Author(s):
Archana B. Chavhan, Pavan S. Jadhav, Satish Shelke
Email(s):
archanachavhan2011@gmail.com
DOI:
10.5958/2231-5713.2021.00013.1 
Address:
Archana B. Chavhan*, Pavan S. Jadhav, Satish Shelke
Department of Pharmaceutical, Quality Assurance, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, M.S. India.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 11,
Issue - 1,
Year - 2021
ABSTRACT:
The worldwide outbreak of COVID 19 is associated with novel coronavirus termed as SARS-CoV-2 by the international Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). As already World Health Organization had declared COVID 19 as international emergency as the disease spreading at alarming levels. This international emergency has triggered governments of various countries to take emergency measures to protect the public. As The virus spreading faster than its two ancestors the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but it has lower fatality. Since information about this virus is rapidly increasing, it is necessary to remain updated. So in this context we present an overview of presently obtained information on virus structure, diagnosis, current potential therapeutics and preventive measures of this novel coronavirus.
Cite this article:
Archana B. Chavhan, Pavan S. Jadhav, Satish Shelke. COVID 19: Outbreak, Structure and Current therapeutic strategies. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2021; 11(1):76-83. doi: 10.5958/2231-5713.2021.00013.1
Cite(Electronic):
Archana B. Chavhan, Pavan S. Jadhav, Satish Shelke. COVID 19: Outbreak, Structure and Current therapeutic strategies. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2021; 11(1):76-83. doi: 10.5958/2231-5713.2021.00013.1 Available on: https://ajptonline.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2021-11-1-13
REFERENCES:
1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China 2019, N Engl J Med., 2020; 382(8): 727–33.
2. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new Coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature, 2020:1-4.
3. CDC: 2019 Novel Coronavirus, Wuhan, China. https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html.
4. World Health Organization Press Conference. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the disease caused by the novel coronavirus as COVID-19. Available online: https:// www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
5. Gonzalez JM, Gomez-Puertas P, Cavanagh D, et al. A comparative sequence analysis to revise the current taxonomy of the family Coronaviridae, Arch Virol., 2003; 148(11): 2207–35.
6. Susanna K. P. Lau, Jasper F. W. Chan. Coronaviruses: emerging and re-emerging pathogens in humans and animals, Virology Journal., 2015; 12(209): 1-3.
7. Fan Wu, Su Zhao, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China, Nature, 2020; 579: 265-70.
8. Saira Baloch, Mohsin Ali Baloch, Tianli Zheng1 and Xiaofang Pei. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 2020; 250 (4): 271-78.
9. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, et al., World Health Organization declares Global Emergency: A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), International Journal of Surgery., https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034.
10. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin, Nature., 2020; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
11. Nishiura H, Jung SM, Linton, et al. The extent of transmission of novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China; 2020, J Clin Med., 2020; 9: 32-40.
12. Dagur HS, Dhakar SS. Genome Organization of Covid-19 and Emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Covid-19 Outbreak: A Pandemic; EJMO; 2020;4(2): 107-115.
13. R.A. Khailany, M. Safdar, M. Ozaslan, Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2, Gene Reports (2020)., https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100682
14. Ge, X. Y. et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor, Nature., 2013: 535–538.
15. Spyridoula Anastasopoulou, Athanasia Mouzaki. The biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing COVID-19, Achaiki Iatriki., 2020; 39(1): 29-35.
16. Tok TT, Tatar G. Structures and Functions of Coronavirus Proteins: Molecular Modeling of Viral Nucleoprotein, Int J Virol Infect Dis., 2017; 2(1): 1-7.
17. Kuo L, Masters PS. The small envelope protein E is not essential for murine coronavirus replication, J Virol.,2003; 77(8): 4597-608.
18. Yu Chen, Qianyun Liu, Deyin Guo. Coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis, J Medi Viro., 2020; 1–6.
19. Siu Y, Teoh K, Lo J, Chan C, Kien F, Escriou N, et al. The M, E, and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly, trafficking, and release of virus-like particles, J Virol., 2008; 82(22): 11318-30.
20. Yuefei Jin, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19, Viruses., 2020; 12: 372-78.
21. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses, Nat Rev Microbiol., 2019; 17(3):181‐192.
22. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding, Lancet., 2020; 395:565–74.
23. Yasmin A. MALIK. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, Malaysian J Pathol., 2020; 42(1) : 3 – 11.
24. Qihui Wang, Yanfang Zhang, et al. structural and functional basic of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2, Cell., 2020; 181: 894–904
25. Schoeman, Fielding. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge, Virology Journal., 2019; 16(69): 1-22.
26. Fehr, A.R. and S. Perlman, Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis, Methods Mol Biol., 2015;1282:1-23.
27. Susan R. Weiss, Leibowitz. Coronavirus Pathogenesis, Advances in Virus Research., 2011; 81: 85-161.
28. Matthew Frieman, Ralph Baric. Mechanisms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Pathogenesis and Innate Immunomodulation,Micro&molBio reviews.,2008;72(4):672–685.
29. Su, S., et al., Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses, Trends Microbiol., 2016; 24(6): 490-502.
30. Stanley Perlman, Jason Netland. Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis, Nature., 2009; 7: 439-450.
31. Sawicki, S.G., D.L. Sawicki, and S.G. Siddell, A contemporary view of coronavirus transcription, J Virol., 2007; 81(1): 20-9.
32. Masters, P.S., The molecular biology of coronaviruses, Adv Virus Res., 2006; 66: 193-292.
33. To Sing Fung, Ding Xiang Liu. Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 2019; 73(23): 1–23.
34. Yvonne Xinyi Lim, et al. Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions, Diseases., 2016; 4( 26): 1-28.
35. Hillen, H. S. et al. Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase, Nature., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2368-8 (2020).
36. Wasim Yunus Khot, Milind Y Nadkar. The 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak – A Global Threat, J Asso physicians of India., 2020; 68: 67-71.
37. Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, et, al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet., 2020; 395: 497–506.
38. Sin-Yee Fung, Kit-San Yuen, et, al. A tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defense: lessons from other pathogenic viruses, Eme Mic & Inf., 2020; 9: 559-70.
39. X. Li, M. Geng, Y. Peng, L. Meng, S. Lu, Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19, J Pharma Ana (2020)., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001
40. Tang Y-W, Schmitz JE, Persing DH, Stratton CW. 2020. Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19: current issues and challenges, J Clin Microbiol., 2020; 58(6): 1-8.
41. Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al. CT imaging features of 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Radiology., 2020: 200-230.
42. Xu X, Yu C, Qu J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Huang D, et al. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging., 2020; 47:1275–80.
43. Yu Han1, Hailan Yang.The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19): A Chinese perspective, doi: 10.1002/jmv.25749.
44. P. Zhai, Y. Ding and X. Wu et al., The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, Int J Anti Agents., 2020; 9(27): 1-13.
45. Liying Dong, Shasha Hu, Jianjun Gao, Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Drug Discoveries and Therapeutics., 2020; 14(1):58-60.
46. B. Cao, Y. Wang et al., A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19, N Engl J Med., 2020; 382:1787-99.
47. A.A. Elfiky, Anti-HCV, nucleotide inhibitors, repurposing against COVID-19, Life Sciences (2020)., https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.lfs.2020.117477
48. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.
49. Yeming Wang, et al., Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial, Lancet., 2020; 395: 1569–1578.
50. Blaising J, Polyak SJ, Pecheur EI. Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: an update, Antiviral Res., 2014; 107:84–94.
51. Yan Y, Zou Z, Sun Y, et al. Anti-malaria drug chloroquine is highly effective in treating avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in an animal model, Cell Res., 2013;23(2): 300–309.
52. Jianjun Gao, Zhenxue Tian, Xu Yang. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, BioScience Trends Advance Publication., 2020; 14(1): 72–3.
53. Cortegiani, G. Ingoglia, M. Ippolito, et al., A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, J Critical Care., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005
54. Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YO, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis., 2005; 24(1):44–6.
55. Marano G, Vaglio S, Pupella S, et al. Convalescent plasma: new evidence for an old therapeutic tool?, Blood Trans., 2016;14(2):1–6.
56. Janice Hopkins Tanne, Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, Chen Q, Zhang L, Zhong Q, Zhang X, Zou Y, Zhang S, Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with SARSCoV-2 infection, CHEST., 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chest.2020.03.039.
57. Balamurugan Shanmugaraj, Konlavat Siriwattananon, Kittikhun Wangkanont, Waranyoo Phoolcharoen, Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol., 2020; 38:10-18.
58. Mahalaxmi Iyer et al., COVID-19: an update on diagnostic and therapeutic Approaches, BMB Rep., 2020; 53(4): 191-205.
59. Ayumu Asai, et al., COVID-19 Drug Discovery Using Intensive Approaches, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020; 21: 2839.
60. Li et al. Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID‑19, Ann. Intensive Care, 2020;10(45): 1-9.
61. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020.
62. Jun Zheng, SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 2020; 16(10): 36-45.
63. Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK. The novel coronavirus: A bird's eye view, Int J Occup Environ Med., 2020;11: 65-71.