Author(s): Sahil Kumar, Neha Sharma, Kapil Kumar Verma

Email(s): sahilkumar24593@gmail.com

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2024.00014   

Address: Sahil Kumar*, Neha Sharma, Kapil Kumar Verma
Minerva College of Pharmacy, Indora, Distract Kangra (H.P)
*Corresponding Author

Published In:   Volume - 14,      Issue - 1,     Year - 2024


ABSTRACT:
In case of COVID-19, the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva have suggested the oral cavity as a potential reservoir for COVID-19 transmission. Persistent Post COVID syndrome also called as long COVID, is a medical condition that are characterized by ongoing physical, medical, and cognitive effect that occur after recovering from COVID 19. These effect can include continued suppression of the immune system as well as an issues with lungs, heart, and blood vessels. More fibrosis in organs and blood can increase mortality rates and but reduced quality of life. By inhibit transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B), which play important role in both the immune response and fibrosis growths, it may be possible to reduced the long term effects of COVID 19. Now days research is currently focus on COVID -19 are expected to become increasingly important as more patients that are returns from hospitals. This will put strain on health care system, patients family, and the society as a whole, as they will need to provide care for those person who has been suffered from COVID -19 syndrome and offers a methods and planning for diagnosing and managing patients who has been suffers from this conditions. The COVID -19 affected all country and peoples were asked to self quarantine in their homes to prevent the spreading of the virus. The lockdown has serious implications on mental health, resulting in psychological problems are found such as frustration, stress, and depression.


Cite this article:
Sahil Kumar, Neha Sharma, Kapil Kumar Verma. A Review Article on Persistent Post -COVID Syndrome (PPCS). Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. Tech. 2024; 14(1):73-8. doi: 10.52711/2231-5713.2024.00014

Cite(Electronic):
Sahil Kumar, Neha Sharma, Kapil Kumar Verma. A Review Article on Persistent Post -COVID Syndrome (PPCS). Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. Tech. 2024; 14(1):73-8. doi: 10.52711/2231-5713.2024.00014   Available on: https://ajptonline.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2024-14-1-14


REFERENCES:
1.    Milne GJ, Xie S. The efectiveness of social distancing in mitigating COVID-19 spread: a modelling analysis. medRxiv. 2020. 03.20.20040055
2.    Misra DP, Agarwal V, Gasparyan AY et al. Rheumatologists’ perspective on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and potential therapeutic targets. Clin Rheumatol. 2020
3.    https://nypost.com/2020/03/13/coronavirus-survivors-may-suferfrom-reduced-lung-function/
4.    Baud D, Qi X, Nielsen-Saines K, Musso D, Pomar L, Favre G (2020) Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 12]. Lancet Infect Dis S1473–3099(20)30195-X
5.    Mostel Z, Perl A, Marck M et al.  Post-sepsis syndrome - an evolving entity that aficts survivors of sepsis. Mol Med.2019; 26(1).
6.    Stam HJ, Stucki G, Bickenbach J.  Covid-19 and post intensive care syndrome: a call for action. J Rehabil Med. 2020; 52(4): jrm00044 7.
7.    Angus DC. The lingering consequences of sepsis: a hidden. 2010
8.    Angus DC. The lingering consequences of sepsis: a hidden public health disaster? JAMA. 2010; 304(16): 1833-4
9.    Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013; 13:862–874
10.    Bone RC. Sir Isaac Newton, sepsis, SIRS, and CARS. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24:1125–1128
11.    Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of infammation: what controls its onset?. Front Immunol. 2016; 7:160.  
12.    Bozza FA, Salluh JI, Japiassu AM, Soares M, Assis EF, Gomes RN, Bozza MT, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT. Cytokine profles as markers of disease severity in sepsis: a multiplex analysis. Crit Care.  2007; 11(2): R49
13.    Delano MJ, Ward PA. The immune system’s role in sepsis progression, resolution, and long-term outcome. Immunol Rev. 2016; 274(1): 330–353
14.    Kell DB, Pretorius E.  To what extent are the terminal stages of sepsis, septic shock, systemic infammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome actually driven by a prion/amyloid form of fbrin?. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2018; 44(3): 224–238
15.    Biradar V, Moran JL (2011) SIRS, Sepsis and Multiorgan Failure. In: Fitridge R, Thompson M, editors. Mechanisms of vascular disease: a reference book for vascular specialists [Internet]. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press 17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534275/
16.    Hamers L, Kox M, Pickkers P () Sepsis-induced immunoparalysis: mechanisms, markers, and treatment options. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015; 81(4): 426-39.  
17.    Walton AH, Muenzer JT, Rasche D et al. Reactivation of multiple viruses in patients with sepsis. PLoS One.  2014; 9(2): e98819.
18.    https://www.npr.org/secti ons/coronaviru s-live-updat es/ 2020/04/17/836747242/in-south-korea-a-growing-number-ofcovid-19-patients-test-positive-after-recover
19.    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea/ south-korea-reports-more-recovered-coronavirus-patients-testingpositive-again-idUSKCN21V0JQ
20.    Xu K1, Cai H, Shen Y, Ni Q, Chen Y, Hu S, Li J et al. [Management of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19): the Zhejiang experience].[Article in Chinese] Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020; 49(1):0
21.    Shi H, Han X, Jiang N et al. Radiological fndings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(4): 425–434
22.    Hosseiny M, Kooraki S, Gholamrezanezhad A, Reddy S, Myers L. Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020: 1-5
23.    Russell B, Moss C, George G et al. Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19-a systematic review of current evidence. Ecancer Med Sci. 2020; 14:1022.   
24.    Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao SY. Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2020; 20: 30132–5
25.    Russell B, Moss C, George G et al. Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID19-a systematic review of current evidence. Ecancer Med Sci. 2020; 14: 1022.
26.    NIHR (2020) Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoingcovid-19 symptoms (often called long covid). https:// evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19
27.    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019- covid-19-critical-care-issues
28.    Matuschak GM, Lechner AJ. Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment. Mo Med. 2010; 107(4): 252–258
29.    Walkey AJ, Summer R, Ho V, Alkana P. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: epidemiology and management approaches. Clin Epidemiol. 2012; 4:159–169
30.    Williams AE, Chambers RC. The mercurial nature of neutrophils: still an enigma in ARDS?. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2014; 306(3): L217–L230
31.    Burnham EL, Janssen WJ, Riches DW, Moss M, Downey GP. The fbroproliferative response in acute respiratory distress syndrome: mechanisms and clinical signifcance. Eur Respir J. 2014; 43(1): 276–285
32.    Kouzbari K, Hossan MR, Arrizabalaga JH et al. Oscillatory shear potentiates latent TGF-β1 activation more than steady shear as demonstrated by a novel force generator. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 6065
33.    Johannson K, Collard HR. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fbrosis: a proposal. Curr Respir Care Rep. 2013; 2(4): https:// doi.org/10.1007/s13665-013-0065-x
34.    Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, Colby TV, Cordier JF, Flaherty KR, Lasky JA, Lynch DA, Ryu JH, Swigris JJ, Wells AU, Ancochea J, Bouros D, Carvalho C, Costabel U, Ebina M, Hansell DM, Johkoh T, Kim DS, King TE Jr, Kondoh Y, Myers J, Müller NL, Nicholson AG, Richeldi L, Selman M, Dudden RF, Griss BS, Protzko SL, Schünemann HJ. ATS/ ERS/JRS/ALAT Committee on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An ofcial ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fbrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183(6): 788
35.    Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matté A, Tomlinson G, Diaz-Granados N, Cooper A et al. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(14):1293–1304
36.    Bansal M. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(3): 247–250
37.    Vaidya A, Dluhy R. (2000) Hyperaldosteronism. [Updated 2016 Oct 19]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK279065/
38.    Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S et al (2020) Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA ([Internet]. Available from:): 1–7
39.    Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, Liu X, Zhao L, Dong E, Song C, Zhan S, Lu R, Li H, Tan W, Liu D (2020) In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis
40.    Soubrier M, Pei J, Durand F, Gullestad L, John A. Concomitant Use of Statins in Tocilizumab-Treated Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Post Hoc Analysis. Rheumatol Ther. 2017; 4(1):133-149
41.    Tan W, Aboulhosn J. The cardiovascular burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with a focus on congenital heart.   Int J Cardiol. 2020; S0167–5273(20)31593-X
42.    Biernacka A, Frangogiannis NG. Aging and Cardiac Fibrosis. Aging Dis. 2011; 2(2):158–173
43.    Wu Q, Zhou L, Sun X.  Altered lipid metabolism in recovered SARS patients twelve years after infection. Sci Rep . 2017; 7:9110
44.    Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a crosssectional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020.
45.    Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B (2020) Neurologic Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 1 3 Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol
46.    Fernández-Klett F, Priller J. The fibrotic scar in neurological disorders. Brain Pathol. 2014; 24(4):404-13
47.    Gawlytta R, Niemeyer H, Böttche M, Scherag A, Knaevelsrud C, Rosendahl J. Internet-based cognitive-behavioural writing therapy for reducing post-traumatic stress after intensive care for sepsis in patients and their spouses (REPAIR): study protocol for a randomised-controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(2): e014363
48.    Annane D, Sharshar T. Cognitive decline after sepsis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015; 3(1):61–9
49.    Wu, Yeshun, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, Liu C, Yang C. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain. Behav. Immun. 2020. https://| doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031
50.    Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S.  Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 13]. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; S0889–1591(20)30489-X
51.    Kashima R, Akiko Hata A. The role of TGF-β superfamily signaling in neurological disorders. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 2018; 50(1):106–120

Recomonded Articles:

Author(s): Kanchan R. Pagar, Sarika V. Khandbahale

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2019.00023.0         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Nizamudeen.T, Ramanjaneyulu. J, Veeresh Babu. D, Narayana Swamy V.B

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2015.00017.3         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Abhishek S. Pujari, Nitin A. Gaikwad, Indrajeet V. Mane, Ganesh B. Vambhurkar, Pravin P. Honmane

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2018.00019.3         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Sindhu. T. J, Arathi. K. N, Akhilesh K. J, Anju. Jose, Binsiya K. P, Blessy Thomas, Elizabeth Wilson

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2020.00012.4         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Punasiya Rakesh, Pillai Sujit, Yadav Janeshwer

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2015.00002.1         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Kaviyarasi K., Kanimozhi K., Madhanraj P, Panneerselvam A., Ambikapathy V.

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Abhishek Soni, Ojasvi Gupta, Hemant Kumar Verma, Dr. Amit Chaudhary

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2019.00032.1         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): M. Elayarani, P. Shanmuganathan, P. Muthukumaran

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Siddhi Prakash Fogueri, Sanyuja Satish Nikam, Mukund Vivek Gawade, Harshada Suresh Shetye, Akshata Anil Thakur, Tanvi Ganesh Valanju, Vijay Arjun Jagtap

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2020.00037.9         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Jai Godheja, S. K. Shekhar, D.R. Modi

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Tiwari Prashant, Ahirwar Dheeraj, Dwivadi Shubhangi

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Miad. Hassan. Jebur.

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Archana B. Chavhan, Pavan S. Jadhav, Satish Shelke

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2021.00013.1         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Ketaki Shinde, Sonam Bendre, Niraj Kale, Suhit Gilda

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2022.00042         Access: Open Access Read More

Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology (AJPTech.) is an international, peer-reviewed journal, devoted to pharmaceutical sciences...... Read more >>>

RNI: Not Available                     
DOI: 10.5958/2231–5713 


Recent Articles




Tags