ABSTRACT:
The bacterial cell is generally single cellular micro organism that spread easily around us and infect host cell. In this review we discuss about the types and nutrient requirements for growth and spreading of bacteria. The bacteria are various types like as Phototrophs, Autotrophs, Psychrophiles, Mycoplasma etc.
Cite this article:
Ravi Kumar, Sweta Pundir. Bacterial Cell, Classification and Required Essential Contents for Growth. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 11(2):181-7. doi: 10.52711/2231-5713.2021.00030
Cite(Electronic):
Ravi Kumar, Sweta Pundir. Bacterial Cell, Classification and Required Essential Contents for Growth. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 11(2):181-7. doi: 10.52711/2231-5713.2021.00030 Available on: https://ajptonline.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2021-11-2-15
REFERENCES:
1. Hayek, S.A.; Ibrahim, S.A. Current limitations and challenges with lactic acid bacteria: A review. Food Nutr. Sci. 2013, 4, 73–87.
2. Hayek, S.A.; Gyawali, R.; Aljaloud, S.O.; Krastanov, A.; Ibrahim, S.A. Cultivation media for lactic acid bacteria used in dairy products. J. Dairy Res. 2019, 86, 490–502.
3. Orla-Jensen, S. The Lactic Acid Bacteria; Andr Fred Host and Sons imp: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1919.
4. Parvez, S.; Malik, K.A.; Ah Kang, S.; Kim, H.Y. Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006, 100, 1171–1185.
5. Mokoena, M.P. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Bacteriocins: Classification, Biosynthesis and Applications against Uropathogens: A Mini-Review. Molecules 2017, 22, 1255.
6. Salminen, S.; Bouley, C.; Boutron-Ruault, M.C.; Cummings, J.H.; Franck, A.; Gibson, G.R.; Isolauri, E.; Moreau, M.C.; Roberfroid, M.; Rowland, I. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. Br. J. Nutr. 1998, 80 (Suppl. 1), S147–S171.
7. Sharma, A.; Kaur, J.; Lee, S.; Park, Y.S. Tracking of Intentionally Inoculated Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains in Yogurt and Probiotic Powder. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 5.
8. Ni, K.; Wang, Y.; Li, D.; Cai, Y.; Pang, H. Characterization, identification and application of lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage paddy rice silage. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0121967.
9. Zheng, J.; Wittouck, S.; Salvetti, E.; Franz, C.M.; Harris, H.M.; Mattarelli, P.; Watanabe, K. A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2020, 70, 2782–2858.
10. Liu, W.; Pang, H.; Zhang, H.; Cai, Y. Biodiversity of lactic acid bacteria. In Lactic Acid Bacteria; Zhang, H., Cai, Y., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; pp. 103–203.
11. Hooper, L.V.; Macpherson, A.J. Immune Adaptations That Maintain Homeostasis with the Intestinal Microbiota. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2010, 10, 159–169.
12. Lebeer, S.; Vanderleyden, J.; De Keersmaecker, S.C. Genes and Molecules of Lactobacilli Supporting Probiotic Action. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2008, 72, 728–764.
13. Ruiz, L.; Margolles, A.; Sánchez, B. Bile resistance mechanisms in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Front. Microbiol. 2013, 4, 1–8.
14. Corfield, A.P.; Myerscough, N.; Longman, R.; Sylvester, P.; Arul, S.; Pignatelli, M. Mucins and Mucosal Protection in the Gastrointestinal Tract: New Prospects for Mucins in the Pathology of Gastrointestinal Disease. Gut 2000, 47, 589–594.
15. Moal VL, L.; Servin, A.L. The Front Line on Enteric Host Defence against Unwelcome Intrusion of Harmful Microorganisms: Mucins, Antimicrobial Peptides and Microbiota.Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2006, 19, 315–337.
16. Servin, A.L. Antagonistic Activities of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria against Microbial Pathogens. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2004, 28, 405–440.
17. Sieuwerts, S. Microbial Interactions in the Yoghurt Consortium: Current Status and Product Implications. SOJ Microbiol Infect. Dis. 2016, 4, 1–5.
18. Asioli, D.; Aschemann-Witzel, J.; Caputo, V.; Vecchio, R.; Annunziata, A.; Næs, T.; Varela, P. Making sense of the “clean label” trends: A review of consumer food choice behavior and discussion of industry implications. Food Res. Int. 2017, 99, 58–71.
19. Yang, S.-C.; Lin, C.-H.; Sung, C.T.; Fang, J.Y. Antibacterial Activities of Bacteriocins: Application in Foods and Pharmaceuticals. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5, 1–10.
20. Cotter, P.D.; Ross, R.P.; Hill, C. Bacteriocins—A Viable Alternative to Antibiotics? Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2013, 11, 95–105.
21. Quinto, E.J.; Caro, I.; Villalobos-Delgado, L.H.; Mateo, J.; De-Mateo-Silleras, B.; Redondo-Del-Río, M.P. Food safety through natural antimicrobials. Antibiotics 2019, 8, 208.
22. Bernbom, N.; Licht, T.R.; Brogren, C.H.; Jelle, B.; Johansen, A.H.; Badiola, I.; Vogensen, F.K.; Norrung, B. Effects of Lactococcus lactis on Composition of Intestinal Microbiota: Role of Nisin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 239–244.
23. Nagpal, R.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, M.; Behare, P.V.; Jain, S.; Yadav, H. Probiotics, their health benefits and applications for developing healthier foods: A review. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2012, 334, 1–15.
24. Hughes, D.B.; Hoover, D.G. Bifidobacteria: Their potential for use in American dairy products. Food Technol. 1991, 45, 74–83.
25. O’Sullivan, M.G.; Thornton, G.; O’Sullivan, G.C.; Collins, J.K. Probiotic bacteria: Myth or reality? Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1992, 3, 309–314.
26. Lourens-Hattingh, A.; Viljoen, B.C. Review: Yogurt as probiotic carrier food. Int. Dairy J. 2001, 11, 1–17.
27. Siezen, R.J.; Wilson, G. Probiotics genomics. Microb. Biotechnol. 2010, 3, 1–9.
28. El-Soud, N.H.A.; Said, R.N.; Mosallam, D.S.; Barakat NA, M.; Sabry, M.A. Bifidobacterium lactis in treatment of children with acute diarrhea. A randomized double blind controlled trial. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2015, 3, 403–407.
29. Upadhyay, N.; Moudgal, V. Probiotics: A Review. Jcom 2012, 19, 76–84.
30. Chmielewska, A.; Szajewska, H. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials: Probiotics for functional constipation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16, 69–75.
31. Song, D.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Hayek, S. Recent applications of probiotics in food and agricultural science. In Probiotics 10; Rigobelo, E.C., Ed.; InTech: Manhattan, NY, USA, 2012; Chapter 1; pp. 1–34.
32. Hossain, Z. Bacteria: Streptococcus. Encycl. Food Saf. 2014, 1, 535–545
33. Hadji-Sfaxi, I.; El-Ghaish, S.; Ahmadova, A.; Batdorj, B.; Le Blay-Laliberté, G.; Barbier, G.; Haertlé, T.; Chobert, J.M. Antimicrobial activity and safety of use of Enterococcus faecium PC4.1 isolated from Mongol yogurt. Food Contr. 2011, 22, 2020–2027.
34. Pieniz, S.; Andreazza, R.; Pereira, J.Q.; de Oliveira Camargo, F.A.; Brandelli, A. Production of selenium-enriched biomass by Enterococcus durans. Biol Trace. Elem. Res. 2013, 155, 447–454.
35. Fijan, S. Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: An overview of recent literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 4745–4767.
36. Khalighi, A.; Behdani, R.; Kouhestani, S. Probiotics: A comprehensive review of their classification, mode of action and role in human nutrition. Probiotics Prebiotics Hum. Nutr. Health 2016, 10, 63646.
37. Plaza-Diaz, J.; Ruiz-Ojeda, F.J.; Gil-Campos, M.; Gil, A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Adv. Nutr. 2019, 10 (Suppl. 1), S49–S66.
38. Shah, N.P. Probiotics and prebiotics. Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech 2014, 15, 13–16.
39. Bermudez-Brito, M.; Plaza-Díaz, J.; Munoz-Quezada, S.; Gomez-Llorente, C.; Gil, A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 61, 160–174.
40. Oelschlaeger, T.A. Mechanisms of probiotic actions—A review. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2010, 300, 57–62.
41. O’Hanlon, D.E.; Moench, T.R.; Cone, R.A. In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide. BMC Infect. Dis. 2011, 11, 200.
42. Masood, M.I.; Qadir, M.I.; Jafr Hussain Shirazi, J.H.; Khan, I.U. Beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria on human beings (Review). Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2011, 37, 91–98.
43. Ouwehand, A.C.; Lahtinen, S.; Nurminen, P. Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. In Handbook of Probiotics and Prebiotics; Lee, Y.K., Salminen, S., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009; pp. 473–477.
44. Salminen, S.J.; Gueimonde, M.; Isolauri, E. Probiotics that modify disease risk. J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 1294–1298.
45. Nomoto, K. Prevention of infections by probiotics. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2005, 100, 583–592.
46. Isolauri, E.; Sutus, Y.; Kankaanpää, P.; Arvilommi, H.; Salminen, S. Probiotics: Effects on immunity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73, 444–450.
47. Villlarreal, M.L.M., Padiha, M., Vieira, A.D.S., de Melo Franco, B.D.G., Martinez, R.C.R. and Saad, S.M.I. (2013) Advantageous Direct Quantification of Viable Closely Related Probiotics in Petit-Suisse Cheeses under in Vitro Gastrointestinal Conditions by Propidium Monoazide-qPCR. PLoS ONE, 8, e82102.
48. Chen, S., Cao, Y., Ferguson, L.R., Shu, Q. and Garg, S. (2012) Flow Cytometric Assessment of the Protectants for Enhanced in Vitro Survival of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria through Simulated Human Gastro-Intestinal Stresses. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 95, 345-356.
49. FAO/WHO (2002) Joint FAO/WHO Working Group Report on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. London, Ontario, Canada, April 30 and May 1.
50. Tenover, F.C. (2006) Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria. American Journal of Medicine, 119, S3- S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.03.011 [95]
51. D’Aimmo, M.R., Modesto, M. and Biavati, B. (2007) Antibiotic Resistance of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacterium Spp. Isolated from Dairy and Pharmaceutical Products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 115, 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.003
52. Fukao, M. and Yajima, N. (2012) Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Probiotic Lactobacilli. In: Pana, M., Ed., Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria—A Continuous Challenge in the New Millekium, InTech. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34707.pdf
53. Patel, A.R., Shah, N.P. and Prajapati, J.B. (2012) Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Implication in Food Chain. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences, 7, 202-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjdfs.2012.7.2.1113
54. Flórez, A.B., Danielsen, M., Korhonen, J., Zyckal, J., von Wright, A., Bardowski, J. and Mayo, B. (2007) Antibiotic Survey of Lactococcus lactis Strains to Six Antibiotics by Etest and Establishment of New Susceptibility-Resistance Cut-Off Values. Journal of Dairy Research, 74, 262-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022029907002543
55. Ammor, M.S., Flórez, A.B., van Hoek, A.H., de Los Reyes-Gavilán, C.G., Aarts, H.J., Margolles, A. and Mayo, B. (2008) Molecular Characterization of Intrinsic and Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 14, 6-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000106077
56. Klare, I., Konstabel, C., Werner, G., Huys, G., Vankerckhoven, V., Kahlmeter, G., Hildebrandt, B., Müller-Bertling, S., Witte, W. and Goossens, H. (2007) Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Lactobacillus, Pedioccoccus and Lactococcus Human Isolates and Cultures Intended for Probiotic or Nutritional Use. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 59, 900-912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm035
57. Korhonen, J.M., Van Hoek, A.H., Saarela, M., Huys, G., Tosi, L., Mayrhofer, S. and Wright, A.V. (2010) Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Beneficial Microbes, 1, 75-80.
58. Salminen, S., Ouwenhand, A., Benno, Y. and Lee, Y.K. (1999) Probiotics: How Should They Be Defined? Trends in Food Science and Technology, 10, 107-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00027-8
59. Chikindas, M.L. (2014) Probiotics and Antimicrobial Peptides: The Creatures’ and Substances’ Future in the TwentyFirst Century: An Opinion Letter. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 6, 69-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12602-014-9161-7
60. Besselink, M.G., van Santvoort, H.C., Buskens, E., Boermeester, M.A., van Goor, H., Timmerman, H.M., Nieuwenhuijs, V.B., Bollen, T.L., van Ramshorst, B., Witterman, B.J.M., Rosman, C., Ploeg, R.J., Brink, M.A., Schaapherder, A.F.M., Dejong, C.H.C., Wahab, P.J., van Laarhoven, C.J.H.M., van der Harst, E., van Eijck, C.H.J., Cuesta, M.A., Akkermans, L.M.A. and Gooszen, H.G. (2008) Probiotic Prophylaxis in Predicted Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 371, 651-659.